{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:08:37Z","timestamp":1788934117324,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF2022R1C1C1012535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF2022R1C1C1012535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1C1C1010435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1C1C1010435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013129","name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20018182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20018182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Migraine is a common chronic neurological disease characterized by pulsating headaches, photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. The prevalence of dementia in individuals aged over 65\u2009years in Korea is more than 10%, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) dementia accounts for most cases. Although these two neurological diseases account for a large portion of the medical burden in Korea, few studies have examined the relationship between the two diseases. Therefore, this study investigated the incidence and risk of AD in patients with migraines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively collected nationwide data from a national health insurance claims database governed by Korea\u2019s National Health Insurance Service. Among Koreans in the 2009 record, patients with migraine were identified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) code G43. First, we screened the database for participants aged over 40\u2009years. Individuals diagnosed with migraine at least twice over more than 3\u2009months in a year were considered to have chronic migraine in this study. Further, all participants with an AD diagnosis (ICD-10 code: Alzheimer\u2019s disease F00, G30) were investigated for AD dementia development. The primary endpoint was AD development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall incidence of AD dementia was higher in individuals with a history of migraine than in those with no migraine history (8.0 per 1,000 person-years vs. 4.1 per 1,000 person-years). The risk of AD dementia was higher in individuals diagnosed with migraine (hazard ratio\u2009=\u20091.37 [95% confidence interval, 1.35\u20131.39]) than in the control group after adjustments for age and sex. Individuals with chronic migraine had a higher incidence of AD dementia than those with episodic migraine. Younger age (&amp;lt;65\u2009years old) was associated with an increased risk of AD dementia compared to older age (\u226565 \u2009years old). Higher body mass index (BMI) (\u226525\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) was also associated with an increased risk of AD dementia compared to lower BMI (&amp;lt;25\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that individuals with a migraine history are more susceptible to AD than those without a migraine history. Additionally, these associations were more significant in younger and obese individuals with migraine than in individuals without migraine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1196185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T04:39:23Z","timestamp":1684989563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Association between migraine and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jaeho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Seok","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungdo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Seok","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800605","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.800605","article-title":"Migraine: a review on its history, global epidemiology, risk factors, and comorbidities","volume":"12","author":"Amiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.11.001","article-title":"Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Apkarian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140324","article-title":"Depression in Alzheimer's disease: epidemiology, mechanisms, and management","volume":"42","author":"Chi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30393-X","article-title":"Antihypertensive medications and risk for incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from prospective cohort studies","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.009","article-title":"Smoking and increased Alzheimer's disease risk: a review of potential mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Durazzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13794","article-title":"Migraine headache and risk of dementia in the atherosclerosis risk in communities neurocognitive study","volume":"60","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1029-6","article-title":"Migraine: risk factor and comorbidity","volume":"33","author":"Giannini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180297","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and amyloid accumulation in the aging brain","volume":"65","author":"Gomez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01462-4","article-title":"Association between migraine and cognitive impairment","volume":"23","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12694","article-title":"Global estimates on the number of persons across the Alzheimer's disease continuum","volume":"19","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150015","article-title":"Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical stress response","volume":"6","author":"Herman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01166-7","article-title":"Mid-to late-life migraine diagnoses and risk of dementia: a national register-based follow-up study","volume":"21","author":"Islamoska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-003-0061-x","article-title":"Diagnosis, epidemiology, and impact of tension-type headache","volume":"7","author":"Jensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.001","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the frequency of \u03b2-amyloid deposition in cognitively normal individuals","volume":"114","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190581","article-title":"Association between migraine headaches and dementia in more than 7,400 patients followed in general practices in the United Kingdom","volume":"71","author":"Kostev","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11100990","article-title":"Mid-and late-life migraine is associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease, but not vascular dementia: a Nationwide retrospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009106","article-title":"Risk of dementia among persons with diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study","volume":"145","author":"Leibson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0668-6","article-title":"Migraine and the Hippocampus","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00508","article-title":"Obesity as a risk factor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: implication of Leptin and glutamate","volume":"13","author":"Lloret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5180","article-title":"Migraine and the risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia: a prospective cohort study in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"34","author":"Morton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00375","article-title":"Obesity and cognitive decline: role of inflammation and vascular changes","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2016.02.016","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease in Europe: a meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Niu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e293","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e293","article-title":"Decline in the incidence of all-cause and Alzheimer's disease dementia: a 12-year-later rural cohort study in Korea","volume":"34","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.2.223","article-title":"Low blood pressure and risk of dementia in the Kungsholmen project: a 6-year follow-up study","volume":"60","author":"Qiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-012-0307-3","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and the risk of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Reitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110995","article-title":"Association between chronic stress and Alzheimer's disease: therapeutic effects of saffron","volume":"133","author":"Saeedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.1.52","article-title":"Variation in migraine prevalence by race","volume":"47","author":"Stewart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.023","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: a meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Svoboda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0925-4","article-title":"Headache disorder and the risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1196185\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T04:39:27Z","timestamp":1684989567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1196185\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1196185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1196185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"article-number":"1196185"}}