{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:27:37Z","timestamp":1787063257821,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beta-amyloid (A\u03b2) deposition, a hallmark of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), begins before dementia and is an important factor in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A\u03b2 deposition is a recognized risk factor for various cognitive impairments and has been reported to affect motor performance as well. This study aimed to identify the linguistic, visuospatial, and kinematic characteristics evident in the writing performance of patients with cognitive impairment (CI) who exhibit A\u03b2 deposition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 31 patients diagnosed with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) with A\u03b2 deposition, 26 patients with Alzheimer\u2019s-type dementia, and 33 healthy control (HC) participants without deposition were administered tasks involving dictation of 60 regular words, irregular words, and non-words consisting of 1\u20134 syllables. Responses from all participants were collected and analyzed through digitized writing tests and analysis tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In terms of linguistic aspects, as cognitive decline progressed, performance in the dictation of irregular words decreased, with errors observed in substituting the target grapheme with other graphemes. The aMCI group frequently exhibited corrective aspects involving letter rewriting during the task. In terms of visuospatial aspects, the AD group displayed more errors in grapheme combination compared to the HC group. Lastly, in the kinematic aspects, both the aMCI group and the AD group exhibited slower writing speeds compared to the HC group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that individuals in the CI group exhibited lower performance in word dictation tasks than those in the HC group, and these results possibly indicate complex cognitive-language-motor deficits resulting from temporal-parietal lobe damage, particularly affecting spelling processing. These results provide valuable clinical insights into understanding linguistic-visuospatial-kinematic aspects that contribute to the early diagnosis of CI with A\u03b2 deposition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1217746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:38:21Z","timestamp":1694392701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Linguistic, visuospatial, and kinematic writing characteristics in cognitively impaired patients with beta-amyloid deposition"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Seo Kyung","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyemin","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duk L.","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hye","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1996.0029","article-title":"Lexical and nonlexical spelling deficits in dementia of the Alzheimer type.","volume":"52","author":"Aarsland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-017-9813-6","article-title":"Writing difficulties in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"32","author":"Afonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Read. 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