{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:08:57Z","timestamp":1770728937250,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>We explored the interaction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters and white matter hyperintensities with cognitive measures in our older adult cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This observational study enrolled participants who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, structural 3-T brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visual acuity examination, and OCT imaging. Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) markers were read on MR images; lacune, cerebral microbleeds (CMB), white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), were defined according to the STRIVE standards. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thicknesses (\u03bcm) were measured on the OCT tool.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Older adults with cognitive impairment (CI) showed lower RNFL (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), GCIPL (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009) thicknesses, and lower hippocampal volume (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004) when compared to non-cognitively impaired (NCI). RNFL (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006) and GCIPL thicknesses (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032) correlated with MoCA scores. GCIPL thickness (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.037), total WMH (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), PWMH (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.041), and DWMH (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) correlated with hippocampal volume in our older adults after adjusting for covariates. With hippocampal volume as the outcome, a significant interaction (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) between GCIPL and PWMH and total WMH was observed in our older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both GCIPL thinning and higher WMH burden (especially PWMH) are associated with hippocampal volume and older adults with both pathologies are more susceptible to subclinical cognitive decline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1240815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T11:52:44Z","timestamp":1700049164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Retinal ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer, white matter hyperintensities, and their interaction with cognition in older adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ruilin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinmao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William Robert","family":"Kwapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.02.001","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities in vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID): knowledge gaps and opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Alber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12006","article-title":"Developing retinal biomarkers for the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease: what we know, what we don't, and how to move forward","volume":"16","author":"Alber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012125","article-title":"APOSTEL 2.0 recommendations for Reporting quantitative optical coherence tomography studies","volume":"97","author":"Aytulun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26234","article-title":"Age-related decline of retinal oxygen extraction in healthy subjects","volume":"60","author":"Bata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest. 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