{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:45:13Z","timestamp":1781703913538,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is associated with more severe phenotypes, but trajectories of cognitive function, disease severity, and subdomains of quality-of-life measurements in patients with distinct olfactory profiles remain underexplored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze the influence of olfaction on trajectories of clinical parameters in patients with PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>From October 2016 to May 2021, the study tracked 58 participants over 3 years. Participants completed follow-up assessments using tools including the Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania\u2019s Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale, and the Chinese translation of the 39-item Parkinson\u2019s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were divided into anosmia (UPSIT &amp;lt; 19) and non-anosmia (UPSIT \u2265 19) groups based on initial scores. Generalized estimating equations and repeated measures correlations were used to examine longitudinal associations and correlations between olfaction and clinical parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Divergent cognitive trajectories were observed between groups. The anosmia group exhibited a faster cognitive decline (adjusted B [beta coefficient] = \u22121.8, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.012) according to the interaction effect of olfaction and time on the MoCA score. The anosmia group exhibited no longitudinal correlation between cognition and olfactory function but showed correlations with age (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>rm<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> [coefficient of repeated measures correlation] = \u22120.464, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) and disease duration (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>rm<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> = \u22120.457, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.005). The non-anosmia group\u2019s UPSIT scores decreased over time (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = \u22122.3, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.005) alongside a significant correlation with motor function (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>rm<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> = \u22120.479, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.006).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The anosmia group\u2019s accelerated cognitive decline correlated with age and disease duration, but not olfactory function, suggesting a poor cognitive outcome in this population despite the lack of longitudinal correlation between cognition and olfaction. The non-anosmia group exhibited progressive olfactory degradation and notable correlations between motor function and UPSIT scores, implying pathological accumulation in the olfactory structure and basal ganglia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1329551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T04:39:45Z","timestamp":1709527185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of olfactory function on the trajectory of cognition, motor function, and quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chia-Yen","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Shan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00456","article-title":"Repeated measures correlation.","volume":"8","author":"Bakdash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00436-2","article-title":"A postmortem study suggests a revision of the dual-hit hypothesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"8","author":"Borghammer","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-002-0808-2","article-title":"Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: Possible routes by which vulnerable neuronal types may be subject to neuroinvasion by an unknown pathogen.","volume":"110","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1691","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207077","article-title":"Updated percentiles for the university of pennsylvania smell identification test in adults 50 years of age and older.","volume":"100","author":"Brumm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.05.005","article-title":"Brain correlates of progressive olfactory loss in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"41","author":"Campabadal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.02.017","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction and dementia in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"38","author":"Domell\u00f6f","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63855-7.00015-0","article-title":"Psychophysical testing of smell and taste function.","volume":"164","author":"Doty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.38.8.1237","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in parkinsonism: A general deficit unrelated to neurologic signs, disease stage, or disease duration.","volume":"38","author":"Doty","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(84)90269-5","article-title":"Development of the University of Pennsylvania smell identification test: A standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function.","volume":"32","author":"Doty","year":"1984","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050513","article-title":"Does olfactory dysfunction correlate with disease progression in Parkinson\u2019s Disease? A systematic review of the current literature.","volume":"12","author":"Ercoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2019.08.008","article-title":"Three-year prospective study on olfaction of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"47","author":"Fujio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0170-x","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction as an early biomarker in Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"33","author":"Fullard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.02.013","article-title":"Olfactory impairment predicts cognitive decline in early Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"25","author":"Fullard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results.","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.569777","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction predicts disease progression in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A longitudinal study.","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0665-5","article-title":"A longitudinal study of olfactory function in patients with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"255","author":"Herting","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa238","article-title":"Brain-first versus body-first Parkinson\u2019s disease: A multimodal imaging case-control study.","volume":"143","author":"Horsager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105626","article-title":"Clinical and imaging evidence of brain-first and body-first Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"164","author":"Horsager","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10229-3","article-title":"Significance of hyposmia in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder.","volume":"268","author":"Iranzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1898-9","article-title":"Is Braak staging valid for all types of Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"126","author":"Jellinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2010.24.3388","article-title":"A pilot study of a traditional Chinese version of the University of pennsylvania smell identification test for application in Taiwan.","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001999","article-title":"Is normosmic Parkinson disease a unique clinical phenotype?","volume":"85","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-201932","article-title":"Clinical Progression of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Insights from the NINDS common data elements.","volume":"10","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050754","article-title":"Dysosmia is a predictor of motor function and quality of life in patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-004-0687-0","article-title":"Reliability and validity testing of a Chinese-translated version of the 39-item Parkinson\u2019s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39).","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23462","article-title":"The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"26","author":"Martinez-Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8913-9","article-title":"Correlation among olfactory function, motors\u2019 symptoms, cognitive impairment, apathy, and fatigue in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"265","author":"Masala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.09.044","article-title":"The course of olfactory deficits in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2013a study based on psychophysical and electrophysiological measures.","volume":"486","author":"Meusel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0830-2","article-title":"Increased dopaminergic cells and protein aggregates in the olfactory bulb of patients with neurodegenerative disorders.","volume":"122","author":"Mundi\u00f1ano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13319","article-title":"The cholinergic brain in Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"8","author":"Pasquini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02260863","article-title":"The development and validation of a short measure of functioning and well being for individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"4","author":"Peto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1522-6","article-title":"The use of University of Pennsylvania smell identification test in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Italy.","volume":"35","author":"Picillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12010112","article-title":"Olfactory impairment correlates with executive functions disorders and other specific cognitive dysfunctions in Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"12","author":"Solla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2003.00453.x","article-title":"Tau pathology in the olfactory bulb correlates with Braak stage, Lewy body pathology and apolipoprotein epsilon4.","volume":"29","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12122-1","article-title":"Clinical features and neurobiochemical mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease.","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130309","article-title":"Application of the University Of Pennsylvania smell identification test (traditional Chinese version) for detecting olfactory deficits in early Parkinson\u2019s disease in a Taiwanese cohort.","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1329551\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T04:39:53Z","timestamp":1709527193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1329551\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1329551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1329551","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"article-number":"1329551"}}