{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:59:38Z","timestamp":1790819978874,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The morphology and function of the cerebellum are associated with various developmental disorders and healthy aging. Changes in cerebellar morphology during the aging process have been extensively investigated, with most studies focusing on changes in cerebellar regional volume. The volumetric method has been used to quantitatively demonstrate the decrease in the cerebellar volume with age, but it has certain limitations in visually presenting the morphological changes of cerebellar atrophy from a three-dimensional perspective. Thus, we comprehensively described cerebellar morphological changes during aging through volume measurements of subregions and shape analysis. This study included 553 healthy participants aged 20\u201380\u2009years. A novel cerebellar localized segmentation algorithm based on convolutional neural networks was utilized to analyze the volume of subregions, followed by shape analysis for localized atrophy assessment based on the cerebellar thickness. The results indicated that out of the 28 subregions in the absolute volume of the cerebellum, 15 exhibited significant aging trends, and 16 exhibited significant sex differences. Regarding the analysis of relative volume, only 11 out of the 28 subregions of the cerebellum exhibited significant aging trends, and 4 exhibited significant sex differences. The results of the shape analysis revealed region-specific atrophy of the cerebellum with increasing age. Regions displaying more significant atrophy were predominantly located in the vermis, the lateral portions of bilateral cerebellar hemispheres, lobules I-III, and the medial portions of the posterior lobe. This atrophy differed between sexes. Men exhibited slightly more severe atrophy than women in most of the cerebellar regions. Our study provides a comprehensive perspective for observing cerebellar atrophy during the aging process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1359320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:38:38Z","timestamp":1713314318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Morphological changes in the cerebellum during aging: evidence from convolutional neural networks and shape analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianci","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjia","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz337","article-title":"Action perception recruits the cerebellum and is impaired in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia","volume":"142","author":"Abdelgabar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22690","article-title":"Regional cerebellar volume and cognitive function from adolescence to late middle age","volume":"36","author":"Bernard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-013-0481-z","article-title":"Relationships between regional cerebellar volume and sensorimotor and cognitive function in young and older adults","volume":"12","author":"Bernard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00339.2011","article-title":"The organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity","volume":"106","author":"Buckner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.003","article-title":"Comparing fully automated state-of-the-art cerebellum parcellation from magnetic resonance images","volume":"183","author":"Carass","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22092","article-title":"Performing label-fusion-based segmentation using multiple automatically generated templates","volume":"34","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09582-9","article-title":"Cerebellum and cognition in Friedreich ataxia: a voxel-based morphometry and volumetric MRI study","volume":"267","author":"Cocozza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz418","article-title":"Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome due to RFC1 repeat expansion","volume":"143","author":"Cortese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17839","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013176107","article-title":"Brain plasticity related to the consolidation of motor sequence learning and motor adaptation","volume":"107","author":"Debas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00117","article-title":"Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex","volume":"71","author":"Diamond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.05.056","article-title":"A spatially unbiased atlas template of the human cerebellum","volume":"33","author":"Diedrichsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.07.031","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism and asymmetry in human cerebellum: an MRI-based morphometric study","volume":"1353","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab481","article-title":"Hippocampal asymmetry of regional development and structural covariance in preterm neonates","volume":"32","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198507000-00027","article-title":"Gray\u2019s anatomy","volume":"76","author":"Goldwyn","year":"1985","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0857","article-title":"Cerebral asymmetry and the effects of sex and handedness on brain structure: a voxel-based morphometric analysis of 465 normal adult human brains","volume":"14","author":"Good","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.082","article-title":"Triple representation of language, working memory, social and emotion processing in the cerebellum: convergent evidence from task and seed-based resting-state fMRI analyses in a single large cohort","volume":"172","author":"Guell","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117062","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of regional cerebellum volumes during normal aging","volume":"220","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.03.084","article-title":"Ageing shows a pattern of cerebellar degeneration analogous, but not equal, to that in patients suffering from cerebellar degenerative disease","volume":"116","author":"Hulst","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021018","article-title":"Aging, Neurodegenerative Disorders, and Cerebellum","volume":"25","author":"Iskusnykh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.018","article-title":"Beyond the binary: rethinking sex and the brain","volume":"122","author":"Joel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0074-3","article-title":"Spinocerebellar ataxia","volume":"5","author":"Klockgether","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-016-1317-7","article-title":"Regional cerebellar volumetric correlates of manual motor and cognitive function","volume":"222","author":"Koppelmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64123-6.00001-1","article-title":"Structural differences between male and female brains","volume":"175","author":"Luders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.7.712","article-title":"Patterns of age-related shrinkage in cerebellum and brainstem observed in vivo using three-dimensional MRI volumetry","volume":"9","author":"Luft","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws186","article-title":"Mapping motor representations in the human cerebellum","volume":"136","author":"Mottolese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00235","article-title":"Gray matter volume and cognitive performance during Normal aging. A voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"10","author":"Ramanoel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi044","article-title":"Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: general trends, individual differences and modifiers","volume":"15","author":"Raz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2013.04.002","article-title":"Differential brain shrinkage over 6 months shows limited association with cognitive practice","volume":"82","author":"Raz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.11.003","article-title":"CERES: a new cerebellum lobule segmentation method","volume":"147","author":"Romero","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25293","article-title":"Toward a unified analysis of cerebellum maturation and aging across the entire lifespan: a MRI analysis","volume":"42","author":"Romero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09271-7","article-title":"Distinctive speech signature in cerebellar and parkinsonian subtypes of multiple system atrophy","volume":"266","author":"Rusz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.005","article-title":"The cerebellum and cognition","volume":"688","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"32","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral manifestations of cerebellar strokes: Their relation to motor control and functional topography in the cerebellum. Stroke Syndromes","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8482-3","article-title":"Gait ataxia in humans: vestibular and cerebellar control of dynamic stability","volume":"264","author":"Schniepp","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2014.2313812","article-title":"Metric optimization for surface analysis in the Laplace-Beltrami embedding space","volume":"33","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02498-6_39","article-title":"Inverse-consistent surface mapping with Laplace-Beltrami eigen-features","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inf Process Med Imaging"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.066","article-title":"Gray-matter structural variability in the human cerebellum: lobule-specific differences across sex and hemisphere","volume":"170","author":"Steele","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.10.013","article-title":"Location of lesion determines motor vs. cognitive consequences in patients with cerebellar stroke","volume":"12","author":"Stoodley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63956-1.00004-7","article-title":"Functional topography of the human cerebellum","volume":"154","author":"Stoodley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0894-4105.14.3.341","article-title":"Cerebellar volume decline in normal aging, alcoholism, and Korsakoff\u2019s syndrome: relation to ataxia","volume":"14","author":"Sullivan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.016","article-title":"Cerebellum development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal morphometric MRI study","volume":"49","author":"Tiemeier","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh487","article-title":"Cognitive and social impairments in patients with superficial siderosis","volume":"128","author":"van Harskamp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.05.013","article-title":"Consistent neuroanatomical age-related volume differences across multiple samples","volume":"32","author":"Walhovd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22529","article-title":"Rapid automatic segmentation of the human cerebellum and its lobules (RASCAL)--implementation and application of the patch-based label-fusion technique with a template library to segment the human cerebellum","volume":"35","author":"Weier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116372","article-title":"Morphometric development of the human fetal cerebellum during the early second trimester","volume":"207","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1359320\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:38:42Z","timestamp":1713314322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1359320\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1359320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1359320","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"article-number":"1359320"}}