{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:19:30Z","timestamp":1780478370382,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with the development of dementia. However, the link between PTSD and preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology (amyloid <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> [A\u03b2]) remains controversial. Moreover, the correlation between the severity of PTSD with A\u03b2 levels remains unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study sought to investigate the associations of PTSD symptoms with global and regional brain A\u03b2 burden. To this end, data were obtained from participants in the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (A4) Study. In addition, we explored the association between the severity of PTSD symptoms and A\u03b2 levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 4,228 participants aged 65 to 85\u202fyears were included in the final analysis. The results showed that PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with higher global A\u03b2 levels (1.15\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.20 vs. 1.09\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.19; \u03b2\u202f=\u202f0.056; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), after adjusting for covariates. The association between PTSD symptoms and A\u03b2 levels was not affected by sex, age, <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic> genotype, or psychiatric diseases. Similarly, PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with A\u03b2 levels in all subregions, including the anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, parietal cortex, precuneus, temporal cortex, and frontal cortex. In addition, the group with severe PTSD symptoms (1.22\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.24) exhibited higher global A\u03b2 levels than the groups with moderate (1.14\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.19) or mild (1.12\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.20) symptoms or the control (1.08\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.18), with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings imply a close relationship between PTSD and brain A\u03b2 levels, irrespective of sex, age, <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic> genotype, or psychiatric diseases. More well-designed studies are needed to further explore the relationship and mechanism underlying the association between PTSD and A\u03b2 burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1422862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T06:30:29Z","timestamp":1733207429000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms with amyloid burden in cognitively normal older adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Miao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"San-Wang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ling","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di-Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Bo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5238","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065238","article-title":"To predict, prevent, and manage post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a review of pathophysiology, treatment, and biomarkers","volume":"24","author":"Al Jowf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264318781131","article-title":"Dementia and cognitive impairment among U.S. veterans with a history of MDD or PTSD: a retrospective cohort study based on sex and race","volume":"31","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.001","article-title":"A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD","volume":"58","author":"Brewin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2250921","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.50921","article-title":"Analysis of psychological symptoms following disclosure of amyloid-positron emission tomography imaging results to adults with subjective cognitive decline","volume":"6","author":"Caprioglio","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70142-4","article-title":"Cerebral PET with florbetapir compared with neuropathology at autopsy for detection of neuritic amyloid-\u03b2 plaques: a prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190913","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2, tau, and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"73","author":"Elias","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.04.014","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among members of a health care delivery system","volume":"14","author":"Flatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0841-3","article-title":"Molecular and cellular effects of traumatic stress: implications for PTSD","volume":"19","author":"Girgenti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.008","article-title":"Stress, PTSD, and dementia","volume":"10","author":"Greenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102198","article-title":"Biomarkers associated with cognitive impairment in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of current evidence","volume":"95","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12820","article-title":"Inflammation and post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"73","author":"Hori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197905000-00004","article-title":"Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress","volume":"41","author":"Horowitz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2117573","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.17573","article-title":"Association of sleep and \u03b2-amyloid pathology among older cognitively unimpaired adults","volume":"4","author":"Insel","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007777032063","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of Horowitz's impact of event scale: a review","volume":"13","author":"Joseph","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.090340","article-title":"Performance characteristics of amyloid PET with florbetapir F 18 in patients with alzheimer's disease and cognitively normal subjects","volume":"53","author":"Joshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.153494","article-title":"A Semiautomated method for quantification of F 18 Florbetapir PET images","volume":"56","author":"Joshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22169","article-title":"Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the world mental health (WMH) surveys","volume":"31","author":"Karam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.263","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the lancet standing commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-221304","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress and traumatic brain injury: cognition, behavior, and neuroimaging markers in Vietnam veterans","volume":"95","author":"Marcolini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14756","article-title":"PTSD, psychotropic medication use, and the risk of dementia among US veterans: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Mawanda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0835-1","article-title":"Dementia risk in posttraumatic stress disorder: the relevance of sleep-related abnormalities in brain structure, amyloid, and inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Mohlenhoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02977.x","article-title":"Greater prevalence and incidence of dementia in older veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"58","author":"Qureshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001386","article-title":"Dementia, post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: a review of the mental health risk factors for dementia in the military veteran population","volume":"48","author":"Rafferty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051465","article-title":"Biomarkers of neurodegeneration in post-traumatic stress disorder: an integrative review","volume":"11","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-021-00346-z","article-title":"Dementia in military and veteran populations: a review of risk factors-traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, deployment, and sleep","volume":"8","author":"Raza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1612499","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"376","author":"Shalev","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-016-0011-3","article-title":"An overview of genome-wide association studies in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"32","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228fs13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007941","article-title":"The A4 study: stopping AD before symptoms begin?","volume":"6","author":"Sperling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.12.033","article-title":"The Alzheimer's disease amyloid-Beta hypothesis in cardiovascular aging and disease: JACC focus seminar","volume":"75","author":"Stakos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(08)70074-6","article-title":"The impact of event scale (IES)","volume":"54","author":"Sterling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-045049","article-title":"Propagation of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"88","author":"Vaquer-Alicea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2017.02.005","article-title":"Effects of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder on development of Alzheimer's disease in Vietnam veterans using the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: preliminary report","volume":"3","author":"Weiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12712","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and post\u2010traumatic stress disorder are not associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology measured with biomarkers","volume":"19","author":"Weiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","article-title":"Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain","volume":"342","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.61","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among US veterans","volume":"67","author":"Yaffe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01036-x","article-title":"Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after infectious disease pandemics in the twenty-first century, including COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03002-x","article-title":"Association of lifestyle with sleep health in general population in China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09665-7","article-title":"Public awareness and knowledge of factors associated with dementia in China","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e067055","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067055","article-title":"Linking knowledge with attitude: a cross-sectional study of public knowledge and attitude towards sleep disturbances and dementia","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.031","article-title":"Anticholinergic drugs and the risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220591","article-title":"Association of caffeine consumption and brain amyloid positivity in cognitively normal older adults","volume":"93","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1422862\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T06:30:32Z","timestamp":1733207432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1422862\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1422862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1422862","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"article-number":"1422862"}}