{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T22:15:27Z","timestamp":1774476927945,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate cortical activation and functional connectivity in the cortex during working memory (WM) tasks in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 17 older adults with AD and 17 cognitively normal (CN) participants were recruited. fNIRS was utilized to monitor oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentrations in the frontotemporal lobe, while participants performed WM tasks to examine WM impairments in subjects with AD. Student\u2019s t-test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables were used to compare the clinical and HbO variables between the AD and CN groups. Functional connectivity was analyzed using Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient between the time series of each channel-to-channel pair.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The changes in HbO concentrations and cortical activations during the WM task showed that the HbO concentration curve of the CN group was higher than that of the AD group during the encoding and maintenance phases of the WM task. Although in the brain region scale, there were no significant differences in average HbO concentrations between the two groups, many channels located in the frontal and temporal lobes showed significant differences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) in the average HbO (channels 7 and 32) and slope HbO values (channels 7, 8, 9, 23, 30, 34, and 38) during the WM task. The average functional connectivity of the AD group was significantly lower than that of the CN group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). The functional connectivity was stronger in the frontopolar (FP) region than in other areas in both groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study revealed there were significant differences in HbO concentration in older adult patients with AD compared to CN during the WM task. The characteristics of HbO measured by the fNIRS technique can be valuable for distinguishing between AD and CN in older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1433551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T10:14:43Z","timestamp":1727259283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cortical activation in elderly patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia during working memory tasks: a multichannel fNIRS study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nairong","family":"Ruan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingxing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.10.1482","article-title":"Reduced hippocampal functional connectivity in Alzheimer disease","volume":"64","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016","article-title":"2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205019666220418151914","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease-related psychosis: an overview of clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and current treatment","volume":"19","author":"Benmelouka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24941","article-title":"A network approach to the topological organization of the Brodmann map","volume":"305","author":"Bruner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4805","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.081082698","article-title":"Can medial temporal lobe regions distinguish true from false? An event-related functional MRI study of veridical and illusory recognition memory","volume":"98","author":"Cabeza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.020","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of rTMS effects on cognitive enhancement in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"86","author":"Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108618","article-title":"An EEG-fNIRS hybridization technique in the four-class classification of alzheimer's disease","volume":"336","author":"Cicalese","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"689","article-title":"Mini-mental state examination (MMSE)","volume":"24","author":"Cockrell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12376","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12376","article-title":"State, trait, and accumulated features of the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) in mild Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Cogo-Moreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684918","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.684918","article-title":"Local functional MR change pattern and its association with cognitive function in objectively-defined subtle cognitive decline","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696060","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2021.696060","article-title":"Persistent activity during working memory from front to Back","volume":"15","author":"Curtis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1063(2000)10:2<136::AID-HIPO2>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Hemispheric differences in hippocampal volume predict verbal and spatial memory performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"de Toledo-Morrell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa192","article-title":"Age-related compensatory reconfiguration of PFC connections during episodic memory retrieval","volume":"31","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Cognitive Deficits","author":"Dhakal","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.02.014","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of resting-state functional connectivity derived from fNIRS and fMRI: a simultaneous recording study","volume":"60","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\"Mini-mental state\". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802501","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.802501","article-title":"Episodic memory impairment mediates the loss of awareness in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"13","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-005-3583-7","article-title":"Working memory and learning in early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Germano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.8.12.1879","article-title":"Memory loss in Alzheimer's disease: implications for development of therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Gold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.003","article-title":"Frontal midline theta oscillations during working memory maintenance and episodic encoding and retrieval","volume":"85","author":"Hsieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00476","article-title":"Applications of resting-state fNIRS in the developing brain: a review from the connectome perspective","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2314","article-title":"Working memory in early Alzheimer's disease: a neuropsychological review","volume":"25","author":"Huntley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.11.006","article-title":"Entorhinal cortex dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"46","author":"Igarashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03495-6","article-title":"A comparison of the Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) with the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) for mild cognitive impairment screening in Chinese middle-aged and older population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061668","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1061668","article-title":"Screening for Alzheimer's disease using prefrontal resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"16","author":"Keles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4912","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24747","article-title":"Neural activity during working memory encoding, maintenance, and retrieval: a network-based model and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116079","article-title":"Neuroimaging modalities in Alzheimer's disease: diagnosis and clinical features","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00978-w","article-title":"Novel diagnostic tools for identifying cognitive impairment using olfactory-stimulated functional near-infrared spectroscopy: patient-level, single-group, diagnostic trial","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/748212","article-title":"Working memory and executive function decline across normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2015","author":"Kirova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac285","article-title":"Precuneus magnetic stimulation for Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, sham-controlled trial","volume":"145","author":"Koch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215421","article-title":"Exploring network properties across preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease using a visual short-term memory and attention task with high-density electroencephalography: a brain-connectome neurophysiological study","volume":"87","author":"Lazarou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2494","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619949114","article-title":"Correlated variability modifies working memory fidelity in primate prefrontal neuronal ensembles","volume":"114","author":"Leavitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230379","article-title":"Functional asymmetry during working memory and its association with markers of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively Normal older adults","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26051","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated multimodal brain networks in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721171","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.721171","article-title":"Amyloid-Beta influences memory via functional connectivity during memory retrieval in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.10.054","article-title":"The abnormal brain activation pattern of adolescents with major depressive disorder based on working memory tasks: a fNIRS study","volume":"169","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.01.040","article-title":"Cortical activation and functional connectivity during the verbal fluency task for adolescent-onset depression: a multi-channel NIRS study","volume":"147","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220815","article-title":"Brain activation during working memory task in amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients and its association with memory and attention","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22851","article-title":"Decreased activity with increased background network efficiency in amnestic MCI during a visuospatial working memory task","volume":"36","author":"Lou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.11.010","article-title":"Use of fNIRS to assess resting state functional connectivity","volume":"186","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090523","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging changes in amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment during encoding and recognition tasks","volume":"15","author":"Machulda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62281-y","article-title":"Investigation of hemispheric asymmetry in Alzheimer's disease patients during resting state revealed BY fNIRS","volume":"14","author":"M\u0131zrak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2023.08.001","article-title":"Multimodal imaging of microstructural cerebral alterations and loss of synaptic density in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"132","author":"Moallemian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-021-01029-2","article-title":"Decision-making, cognitive functions, impulsivity, and media multitasking expectancies in high versus low media multitaskers","volume":"22","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn. Process."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714220","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.714220","article-title":"Cortical Frontoparietal network dysfunction in CHMP2B-frontotemporal dementia","volume":"13","author":"Musaeus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"87","article-title":"Impaired prefrontal cortical response by switching stimuli in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"10","author":"Naoko Narita","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12046","article-title":"Reduced frontal activation during a working memory task in mild cognitive impairment: a non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"19","author":"Niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88001-4","article-title":"Eye-tracking indices of impaired encoding of visual short-term memory in familial Alzheimer's disease","volume":"11","author":"Pavisic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3390\/e22121380","article-title":"Working memory decline in Alzheimer's disease is detected by complexity analysis of multimodal EEG-fNIRS","volume":"22","author":"Perpetuini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13948","article-title":"The present and future use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for cognitive neuroscience","volume":"1464","author":"Pinti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.10.045","article-title":"Verbal episodic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: a combined structural and functional MRI study","volume":"25","author":"R\u00e9my","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200835","article-title":"Entorhinal tau predicts hippocampal activation and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"78","author":"Richter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1155\/2000\/421719","article-title":"Stereotaxic display of brain lesions","volume":"12","author":"Rorden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.11.1356","article-title":"A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"141","author":"Rosen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8036990","article-title":"EEG alpha power change during working memory encoding in adults with different memory performance levels","volume":"2017","author":"Ruimin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.113078","article-title":"Odorant-induced brain activation as a function of normal aging and Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary study","volume":"402","author":"Steffener","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-8-35","article-title":"An overview of the neuro-cognitive processes involved in the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of true and false memories","volume":"8","author":"Straube","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104758","article-title":"Impact of processing demands at encoding, maintenance and retrieval in visual working memory","volume":"214","author":"Tabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583-591","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4363","article-title":"Reduced prefrontal oxygenation in mild cognitive impairment during memory retrieval","volume":"31","author":"Uemura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13804","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13804","article-title":"Layer-specificity in the effects of attention and working memory on activity in primary visual cortex","volume":"8","author":"van Kerkoerle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"544","article-title":"Exploring automated machine learning for cognitive outcome prediction from multimodal brain imaging using STREAMLINE","volume":"2023","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"AMIA Jt Summits Transl Sci Proc."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.010","article-title":"Sample size estimation in clinical research: from randomized controlled trials to observational studies","volume":"158","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13643","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13643","article-title":"High working memory load impairs selective attention: EEG signatures","volume":"57","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.03.058","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity in the human brain revealed with diffuse optical tomography","volume":"47","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01355-1","article-title":"Rapid learning of a phonemic discrimination in the first hours of life","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031413","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.3.3.031413","article-title":"Proposal of auxiliary diagnosis index for autism spectrum disorder using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"3","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00317","article-title":"Evaluation of neural degeneration biomarkers in the prefrontal cortex for early identification of patients with mild cognitive impairment: an fNIRS study","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.02.017","article-title":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy reveals decreased resting oxygenation levels and task-related oxygenation changes in mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review","volume":"124","author":"Yeung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.382197","article-title":"Prefrontal functional connectivity analysis of cognitive decline for early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.332161","article-title":"Abnormal characterization of dynamic functional connectivity in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1433551\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T10:14:47Z","timestamp":1727259287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1433551\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1433551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1433551","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"article-number":"1433551"}}