{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:18:02Z","timestamp":1787242682231,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairment is a growing public health concern, particularly in aging populations. Obesity, as measured by various indices, has been linked to cognitive decline, but the relationship between Body Roundness Index (BRI) and cognitive impairment remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the association between BRI and cognitive impairment in a rural, low-income, low-education population in China and to determine if BRI can be used as an independent predictor of cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included the participants aged 35\u201395\u202fyears from rural Tianjin, China. The mean age of the study population was 64.35\u202f\u00b1\u202f7.58\u202fyears. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and BRI was calculated and grouped into quartiles. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between BRI and cognitive impairment. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore interactions between BRI, age, gender, and hypertension. The dose\u2013response relationship was analyzed using restricted cubic spline models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the participants, 36.5% had cognitive impairment. Multivariate analysis showed that women, individuals aged 65 and over, and those with hypertension had a higher risk of cognitive impairment. Participants in the second quartile of BRI had a 31% lower risk of cognitive impairment compared to the first quartile (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.51\u20130.94,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.017). Subgroup analysis revealed that BRI was significantly associated with cognitive impairment in individuals under 65, but not in older participants. The dose\u2013response relationship between BRI and MMSE score showed an inverted U-shaped curve, with the weakest association observed around a BRI of 4.49.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Body Roundness Index, in conjunction with age, gender, and hypertension, can serve as a useful predictor of cognitive impairment, particularly in younger populations. Early identification of individuals at risk through BRI may facilitate timely interventions, reducing the burden of cognitive decline on patients and healthcare systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1522989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T01:50:19Z","timestamp":1739929819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Relationship between Body Roundness Index and cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults: a population-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dandan","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingchao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenlu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianjia","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyuan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809","article-title":"2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S002","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of Care in Diabetes-2024","volume":"47","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885598","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.885598","article-title":"Relationship between hypertension and cognitive function in an elderly population: a population-based study in rural northern China","volume":"13","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e065125","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065125","article-title":"Gender differences in the correlation between body mass index and cognitive impairment among the community-dwelling oldest-old in China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15238","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and associated complications in China: a cross-sectional, real-world study in 15.8 million adults","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113974","article-title":"Evaluation of available cognitive tools used to measure mild cognitive decline: a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Chun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad015","article-title":"Body mass index and cognition: associations across mid- to late life and gender differences","volume":"78","author":"Crane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255101","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1255101","article-title":"Association between body mass index and cognitive impairment in Chinese older adults","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665117002014","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and cognitive health and decline","volume":"76","author":"Dye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.11.006","article-title":"Body adiposity index and body roundness index in identifying insulin resistance among adults without diabetes","volume":"357","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"23","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903794","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.903794","article-title":"Risk factors affecting cognitive impairment of the elderly aged 65 and over: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S192050","article-title":"Associations between obesity and cognitive impairment in the Chinese elderly: an observational study","volume":"14","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081535","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and high-obesity-related indices are associated with poor cognitive function in a large Taiwanese population study older than 60 years","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165767","article-title":"Diet, inflammation and the gut microbiome: mechanisms for obesity-associated cognitive impairment","volume":"1866","author":"Leigh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. basis Dis."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160119","article-title":"Mini-mental state examination in elderly Chinese: a population-based normative study","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134025","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1134025","article-title":"Oxidative stress: the nexus of obesity and cognitive dysfunction in diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.20043\/j.cnki.MPM.202401100","article-title":"Age-period-cohort analysis of the burden of Alzheimer's disease in the elderly population in China","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Modern Prevent Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737532","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.737532","article-title":"Body mass index, waist circumference, and cognitive decline among Chinese older adults: a Nationwide retrospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003480","article-title":"2023 ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European renal association (ERA)","volume":"41","author":"Mancia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13666","article-title":"Gender differences in cognitive impairment among the old and the oldest-old in China","volume":"19","author":"Miyawaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12352","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12352","article-title":"Association of traditional and novel measures of central obesity with cognitive performance in older multi-ethnic Asians with type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Moh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Obes."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294420","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1294420","article-title":"The complex relationship between obesity and neurodegenerative diseases: an updated review","volume":"17","author":"Neto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0651-9","article-title":"Relationships between cognitive function and body composition among community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Noh","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081036","article-title":"Association between visceral fat and brain structural changes or cognitive function","volume":"11","author":"Ozato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-021-00704-3","article-title":"Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-024-01404-8","article-title":"The association between cognitive impairment and anthropometric indices among the elderly: Birjand longitudinal aging study","volume":"23","author":"Ramezani Kashal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.093","article-title":"Associations of body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio with cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults: based on the CLHLS","volume":"295","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11488","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111488","article-title":"Influencing factors of subjective cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"18","author":"Roh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00338-8","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease: epidemiology and clinical progression","volume":"11","author":"Tahami Monfared","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Ther."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20408","article-title":"Relationships between body roundness with body fat and visceral adipose tissue emerging from a new geometrical model","volume":"21","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100175","article-title":"Association between abdominal adiposity and cognitive decline in older adults: a 10-year community-based study","volume":"28","author":"Uchida","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103724","article-title":"Gender differences in cognitive impairment among rural elderly in China","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2023.06.029","article-title":"Differential associations of 6 adiposity indices with dementia in older adults: the MIND-China study","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00118-2","article-title":"Health policy and public health implications of obesity in China","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00792-y","article-title":"Association between body mass index, its change and cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults: a community-based, 9-year prospective cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03301-2","article-title":"Body mass index and trajectories of the cognition among Chinese middle and old-aged adults","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466464","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1466464","article-title":"Body roundness index and cognitive function in older adults: a nationwide perspective","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1522989\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T01:50:21Z","timestamp":1739929821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1522989\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1522989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1522989","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"article-number":"1522989"}}