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Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In an increasingly aging society, testing hippocampal-dependent cognition in a quick and low resource manner will be crucial in: assessing the potential benefits of lifestyle choices and interventions affecting cognitive ageing (such as those involving exercise, diet, and sleep); detecting pathological aging, such as in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, where hippocampal degeneration occurs relatively early on.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over 300 participants aged 18-89 completed three cognitive tests, namely the Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III), The Four Mountains Task (4MT), and a new task introduced here, the Spaces and Sequences Episodic Video Task (SSEVT). Hippocampal tissue is particularly vulnerable to aging, and the 4MT and SSEVT were designed to be hippocampal-dependent. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that 4MT and SSEVT performance would be significantly compromised by aging. As an initial proof-of-concept exploration of these tests\u2019 ability to detect pathological aging, such as in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, we compared 10 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) with matched subsamples of the older group (Healthy ageing, HA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Supporting the hippocampal-aging related hypothesis, 4MT and SSEVT scores showed appreciably stronger age-related declines than ACE-III scores. The middle-aged group (mean: \u223c51 years) were significantly worse than the young group (mean: \u223c21 years) on the 4MT (Cohen\u2019s d = 0.724) and the SSEVT (Cohen\u2019s d = 0.443); and the older group (mean: \u223c71 years) were significantly worse than the middle-aged group on the SSEVT (Cohen\u2019s d = 0.724). Neither pattern was seen for ACE-III. Suggestively, the MCI patients performed worse than the matched HA group on the 4MT (consistent with previous work), and on our novel SSEVT, but not on the ACE-III.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that the 4MT and SSEVT may be suitable for assessing lifestyle choices and interventions affecting cognitive ageing. We also propose that these findings provide an initial proof-of-concept for these tests\u2019 ability to detect pathological aging in its early stages and support further exploration of this with larger clinical samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1547834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T05:21:56Z","timestamp":1750396916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the sensitivity of episodic and spatial memory tests to healthy and pathological cognitive aging"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Gina","family":"Michallat-Bragg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethany Iona","family":"Flewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayed","family":"Kazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah Jane","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annabel","family":"Hollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Ash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Thwaites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Howett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Dexter-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Dachtler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Poulter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Lever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23337","article-title":"Aerobic exercise, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the human hippocampus.","volume":"31","author":"Aghjayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2017.13","article-title":"EU\/US\/CTAD task force: Lessons learned from recent and current Alzheimer\u2019s prevention trials.","volume":"4","author":"Aisen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the national institute on aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures.","volume":"17","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010783","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010783.pub2","article-title":"Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for the detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).","volume":"2015","author":"Arevalo-Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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