{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:31:55Z","timestamp":1793197915232,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) are among the most significant health challenges of aging, characterized by progressive cognitive and motor decline. Increasing evidence suggests that these conditions are not inevitable outcomes of aging but may instead be driven by preventable mechanisms involving oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and disruptions in homeostasis. This manuscript proposes a preventive framework that integrates validated biomarkers: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light chain (NfL), soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), and YKL-40 or CHI3L1 by its more commonly used name: Chitinase-3-like protein 1 with multimodal therapeutic interventions, including antioxidants, lithium, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Oxidative stress is positioned as a central mediator of neurodegeneration, with biomarkers serving as early indicators that enable detection before irreversible neuronal loss. This supports our proposal that NfL is not only a marker of pathology but also a measurable indicator of lithium\u2019s effect in stabilizing axons and reducing neurodegeneration. These results align with our framework, which places TMS as a synergistic tool with lithium and antioxidants to modify both oxidative and neuroplastic pathways with a translational preventive strategy. Importantly, recent findings published in demonstrated that reducing dietary lithium by more than 50% in AD mouse models accelerated amyloid-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and tau pathology, increased microglial activation, and led to cognitive decline. Remarkably, lithium supplementation prevented these changes and preserved neuronal and cognitive function. These results provide powerful preclinical validation of our framework, reinforcing the concept that lithium deficiency may be pathogenic and that restoring physiological lithium levels could serve as a preventive therapy. The model also incorporates viral contributions (HSV-1, EBV) as triggers of chronic inflammation and amyloid pathology, providing a more comprehensive view of disease initiation. It further emphasizes the potential synergy of combining antioxidants with TMS, highlighting avenues for multimodal prevention. These findings reinforce the role of inflammation as both a driver and a modifiable factor in neurodegeneration. Our model integrates lithium\u2019s anti-inflammatory effects with biomarker monitoring (e.g., YKL-40, sTREM2) to translate these insights into targeted preventive strategies. These results align with our framework, which places TMS as a synergistic tool with lithium and antioxidants to modify both oxidative and neuroplastic pathways, bridging state-of-the-art findings with a translational preventive strategy. We acknowledge limitations, including the need for improved biomarker specificity and sensitivity, inconsistent outcomes of antioxidant trials, the accessibility and cost of TMS, and the therapeutic window of lithium. Nonetheless, by reframing AD and PD as preventable rather than inevitable, our framework highlights a proactive approach that integrates molecular mechanisms, biomarkers, and multimodal therapies into a cohesive strategy with both scientific promise and translational potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1607669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T06:40:33Z","timestamp":1767940833000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The interplay of homeostasis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders: the role of biological markers, antioxidants, lithium, and TMS \u2014 a proposed framework for preventing neurodegenerative disorders through biomarkers and multimodal therapies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Leonard","family":"Lado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lado Healing Institute","place":["Bonita Springs, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aruna","family":"Misir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xavier University School of Medicine","place":["Oranjestad, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09335-x","article-title":"Lithium deficiency and the onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"645","author":"Aron","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2022.12625","article-title":"Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on neurobiological changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (review)","volume":"25","author":"Bashir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07470.x","article-title":"\u2018Mitochondria, oxidative damage, and inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2019,","volume":"991","author":"Beal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.09.007","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune responses regulated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3)","volume":"31","author":"Beurel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3182439613","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense","volume":"5","author":"Birben","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"ref8001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.001","article-title":"\u2018\u2018Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells in cancer progression\u2019,","volume":"43","author":"Biswas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9144-z","article-title":"\u2018Streptozotocin induced neurotoxicity involves Alzheimer\u2019s-related pathological markers: a study on N2A cells\u2019,","volume":"53","author":"Biswas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007176","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007176.pub2","article-title":"Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases","volume":"2012","author":"Bjelakovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein\u2013Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"375","author":"Bjornevik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Glial activation and YKL-40 in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Black","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parkinsons Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"45","article-title":"Oxidative stress and astrocytic activation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"75","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0132-6","article-title":"Oxidative stress, dysfunctional glucose metabolism and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","author":"Butterfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13S","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.263195","article-title":"The role of amyloid PET in imaging neurodegenerative disorders: a review","author":"Chapleau","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"889","article-title":"The mood-stabilizing agent lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta in intact cells","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.111.005512","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid: beyond bipolar disorder","volume":"65","author":"Chiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.03.030","article-title":"Stress, inflammation, and defense of homeostasis","volume":"54","author":"Chovatiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"811","article-title":"Relationship of lithium metabolism to mental hospital admission and homicide","volume":"31","author":"Dawson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Dis. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.018","article-title":"Parkinson disease: from pathology to molecular disease mechanisms","volume":"62","author":"Dexter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0604-06.2006","article-title":"Full reversal of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like phenotype in a mouse model with conditional overexpression of glycogen synthase kinase-3","author":"Engel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10862-3","article-title":"Soluble A\u03b242 as a marker of cognitive resilience in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"269","author":"Espay","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201102095","article-title":"Signal transduction by reactive oxygen species","volume":"194","author":"Finkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1021\/cn5000309","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of lithium: implications for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"5","author":"Forlenza","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.3.4.12709","article-title":"Amyloid-beta and oxidative stress: a feedback loop involved in Alzheimer\u2019s pathogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Guglielmotto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220302151224","article-title":"Beyond its psychiatric use: the benefits of low-dose lithium supplementation","volume":"21","author":"Hamstra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00234-3","article-title":"Lithium induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor and activates TrkB in rodent cortical neurons","volume":"43","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170885","article-title":"Protective effects of rosmarinic acid on amyloid-beta induced oxidative stress","volume":"62","author":"Hidisoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70062-6","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a target for neuroprotection?","volume":"8","author":"Hirsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160152","article-title":"Microbes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","author":"Itzhaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70299-6","article-title":"Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer\u2019s pathological cascade","volume":"9","author":"Jack","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology,"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835597","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.835597","article-title":"GFAP and S100B: what you always wanted to know and never dared to ask","volume":"13","author":"Janigro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.014","article-title":"P62 links autophagy and Nrf2 signaling","volume":"88","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref9010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00254","article-title":"Role of neurofilament light chain as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a correlative meta-analysis","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"145","article-title":"NfL in Alzheimer\u2019s pathology: a critical analysis","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2003.12.004","article-title":"The glamour and gloom of glycogen synthase kinase-3","volume":"29","author":"Jope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S433","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141719","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Luque-Contreras","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"ref900","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00374-8","article-title":"Dynamic changes of CSF sTREM2 in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the CABLE study","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2009.00714.x","article-title":"The role of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder: convergent evidence for neurotrophic effects as a unifying hypothesis","volume":"11","author":"Machado-Vieira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0039-0","article-title":"Potential mechanisms of action of lithium in bipolar disorder: current understanding","volume":"27","author":"Malhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00165-1","article-title":"\u2018Lithium at 50: have the neuroprotective effects of this unique cation been overlooked?\u2019,","volume":"46","author":"Manji","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry,"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.007","article-title":"Aging and amyloid beta-induced oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: implications for mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic damage","volume":"32","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201014","article-title":"Hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation: three faces of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"82","author":"Merelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2015.24.2.103","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1021\/cn500038f","article-title":"Effects of lithium on inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Nassar","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.029","article-title":"Non-resolving inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Nathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1399-2","article-title":"Glial activation and inflammation along the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum","volume":"16","author":"Nordengen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13450","article-title":"Astrocyte biomarkers GFAP and YKL-40 mediate early Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression","volume":"20","author":"Pelkmans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref904","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01424-7","article-title":"Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 and polymorphisms in sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease in a Chinese population","volume":"70","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.789","article-title":"Molecular targets of lithium action","volume":"41","author":"Phiel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01640","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b1 regulates production of Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid-\u03b2 peptides","volume":"423","author":"Phiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.004","article-title":"Mitophagy and quality control mechanisms in mitochondrial maintenance","volume":"28","author":"Pickles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000314310","article-title":"Novel insights into lithium\u2019s mechanism of action: neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects","volume":"62","author":"Quiroz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0902-z","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training is a safe and effective modality for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a randomized, double-blind study","author":"Rabey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101311","article-title":"The sterile inflammatory response","volume":"28","author":"Rock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2102068","article-title":"Antiviral, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective effect of lithium","volume":"21","author":"Rybakowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7321","article-title":"Redox mechanisms in neurodegeneration: from disease outcomes to therapeutic opportunities.","author":"Sbodio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref1002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb02325.x","article-title":"\u2018Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2019,","volume":"54","author":"Schapira","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry,"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02990271","article-title":"Lithium in drinking water and the incidences of crimes, suicides, and arrests related to drug addictions","volume":"25","author":"Schrauzer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28738","article-title":"Systematic assessment of 10 biomarker candidates focusing on \u03b1-synuclein-related disorders","volume":"36","author":"Schulz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1276","article-title":"\u2018Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end\u2019,","volume":"6","author":"Serhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Immunology."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6899","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0361388","article-title":"Lithium, a common drug for bipolar disorder, regulates amyloid-\u03b2 precursor protein processing","volume":"43","author":"Su","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.04.004","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.07.004","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: potential environmental triggers, pathways, and targets for early therapeutic intervention","volume":"208","author":"Tansey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5137","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0712-2","article-title":"From mitochondrial function to neuroprotection, an emerging role for methylene blue","volume":"55","author":"Tucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2021.107410","article-title":"Left lateral parietal rTMS improves cognition and modulates resting brain connectivity in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: possible role of BDNF and oxidative stress","volume":"180","author":"Velioglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10030061","article-title":"Molecular and imaging biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a focus on recent insights","volume":"10","author":"Villa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03990-9","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves cognition, depression, and walking ability in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.2009736","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793145600000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1607669\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:33:33Z","timestamp":1793194413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1607669\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1607669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1607669","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"article-number":"1607669"}}