{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:13:16Z","timestamp":1793423596692,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive Frailty (CF), characterized by the co-occurrence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment without dementia, is a significant concern in older adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This study investigates the prevalence and risk factors of CF in this population, addressing the urgent need for early detection and intervention strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 713 T2DM patients aged \u226565 years. Participants were assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) for cognitive function and Fried Frailty Phenotype (FP) criteria for physical frailty. CF was defined as CDR = 0.5 and FP score \u2265 3. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent risk factors, adjusting for demographic and clinical variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of CF was 24.3%. Cerebrovascular disease (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.44\u20133.97) and peripheral arterial disease (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.03\u20132.95) were significant risk factors, while higher education (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76\u20130.94) and later diabetes onset (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88\u20130.98) were protective. Early-onset diabetes significantly increased CF risk regardless of education level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights a markedly increased risk of CF in older adults with T2DM, especially in individuals with CVD, PAD, low education levels, or early-onset diabetes. Notably, early diabetes onset may override the protective effects of cognitive reserve, emphasizing the critical need for early metabolic and vascular risk management in this high-risk population. These findings support integrated screening for cognitive and physical frailty in diabetes care to enable timely interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1667405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T05:30:26Z","timestamp":1758778226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk factor analysis of cognitive frailty in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qingjuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.12.003","article-title":"Frailty assessment instruments: Systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of highly-cited instruments.","volume":"26","author":"Buta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing Res. 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