{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:06:55Z","timestamp":1783008415578,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) has become the fastest-growing neurological disease worldwide. This network meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of transcranial stimulation combined with four rehabilitation approaches for improving gait and motor function in Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We systematically searched seven databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang. Data from 23 randomized controlled trials (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009669 patients) were analyzed using a frequentist network meta-analysis approach. Primary outcomes included gait parameters (velocity, cadence, stride length) and motor function (Timed Up and Go test, Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale Part III). Statistical analyses incorporated the Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking curve rankings and sensitivity analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      (1) For gait outcomes, Dual-Task Training showed optimal efficacy for improving stride length (SUCRA\u2009=\u2009100%) and velocity (86.5%), while Exercise Rehabilitation best improved cadence (100%). (2) For motor function, Conventional Rehabilitation demonstrated superior improvement in the Timed Up and Go test (100%), and Dual-Task Training showed advantages in Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale Part III scores (85.1%). All combined interventions significantly outperformed the control groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results support the use of personalized rehabilitation strategies: Dual-Task Training for patients with stride deficits and prominent motor symptoms, Exercise Rehabilitation for cadence improvement, and Conventional Rehabilitation for enhancing general mobility. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for optimizing neurorehabilitation protocols in the management of Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1670825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T11:29:38Z","timestamp":1765970978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transcranial stimulation combined with four rehabilitation therapies for gait and motor function in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a network meta-analysis of 23 RCTs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dongyue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317371","article-title":"Interrogating cortical function with transcranial magnetic stimulation: insights from neurodegenerative disease and stroke","volume":"90","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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