{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:49:54Z","timestamp":1793278194994,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and the pathological accumulation of amyloid-beta (A\u03b2) plaques and tau tangles. Recent studies suggest that dysfunction of the cerebral lymphatic clearance system may contribute to the progression of AD. This review critically examines the potential of deep cervical lymphatic-venous anastomosis (LVA) as a treatment for enhancing brain protein clearance and reducing cognitive decline in AD patients. Although animal models indicate that improving lymphatic drainage could facilitate A\u03b2 clearance, clinical evidence is still insufficient. Current studies often have small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, and methodological weaknesses. Despite preliminary reports of cognitive improvements in small-scale clinical trials, the efficacy of LVA remains unproven, making widespread clinical adoption premature. Ethical concerns and technical challenges also pose significant barriers to clinical implementation. Rigorous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are necessary to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of LVA for treating AD. Furthermore, the establishment of clear ethical and regulatory frameworks is essential before clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1671741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T06:34:11Z","timestamp":1764138851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Unvalidated efficacy and significant risks hinder clinical use of deep cervical lymphatic-venous anastomosis for Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954422410000090","article-title":"The probiotic paradox: Live and dead cells are biological response modifiers.","volume":"23","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809","article-title":"2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures.","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886619","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.886619","article-title":"Brain structural and functional changes in cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"13","author":"\u00c1vila-Villanueva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-018-0275-4","article-title":"Opening the debate on deep brain stimulation for Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u2013 a critical evaluation of rationale, shortcomings, and ethical justification.","volume":"19","author":"Bittlinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med. Ethics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-07063-4","article-title":"Early-phase 18F-Flortaucipir tau-PET as a proxy of brain metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A comparison with 18F-FDG-PET and early-phase amyloid-PET.","volume":"52","author":"Boccalini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imag."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002490","article-title":"Deep cervical lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Microsurgical procedure in a prospective cohort study.","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528995","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1528995","article-title":"Glymphatic system: A self-purification circulation in brain.","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"2081","article-title":"A randomized trial: Bispectral-guided anesthesia decreases incidence of delayed neurocognitive recovery and postoperative neurocognitive disorder but not postoperative delirium.","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13040783","article-title":"CSF A\u03b242 and A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratio in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and frontotemporal dementias.","volume":"13","author":"Constantinides","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.022","article-title":"The meningeal lymphatic system: A new player in neurophysiology.","volume":"100","author":"Da Mesquita","year":"","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0368-8","article-title":"Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"560","author":"Da Mesquita","year":"","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655052","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.655052","article-title":"CNS-draining meningeal lymphatic vasculature: Roles, conundrums and future challenges.","volume":"12","author":"Das Neves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.187211","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid clearance in Alzheimer disease measured with dynamic PET.","volume":"58","author":"De Leon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-2010-101299","article-title":"Peri-operative risk management in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"22","author":"Di Nino","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"Models of moral reasoning in end-of-life clinical decision-making for persons in end-stage dementia.","author":"Dimech","year":"2019"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00691-3","article-title":"Restoration of cervical lymphatic vessel function in aging rescues cerebrospinal fluid drainage.","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0237","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.","volume":"2","author":"Gallia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn114453-20241230-00339","article-title":"Short-term effects of deep cervical lymph node-venous anastomosis for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"41","author":"Gan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plast Surg."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-23-01595","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatic vessel crosstalk with central nervous system immune cells in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"20","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09472-2","article-title":"Decision-making competence in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A review of the literature.","volume":"31","author":"Gaubert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12961","article-title":"Invasive experimental brain surgery for dementia: Ethical shifts in clinical research practices?","volume":"36","author":"Gilbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2016-0075","article-title":"The lymphoid system: A review of species differences.","volume":"30","author":"Haley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa179","article-title":"Impaired glymphatic function and clearance of tau in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model.","volume":"143","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147ra111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","article-title":"A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2.","volume":"4","author":"Iliff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA research framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15050729","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatic and glymphatic structures in a pelagic delphinid (Delphinus delphis).","volume":"15","author":"Jackson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.01.06","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatics in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"7","author":"Jaffe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.212351","article-title":"Lymphatic mapping using US microbubbles before lymphaticovenous anastomosis surgery for lymphedema.","volume":"304","author":"Jang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1581-6","article-title":"The glymphatic system: A beginner\u2019s guide.","volume":"40","author":"Jessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-018-0120-7","article-title":"Choroid plexus genes for CSF production and brain homeostasis are altered in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"15","author":"Kant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000160000.01742.9D","article-title":"The ability of persons with Alzheimer disease (AD) to make a decision about taking an AD treatment.","volume":"64","author":"Karlawish","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01550-8","article-title":"Brain resident microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Foe or friends.","volume":"32","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.08.040","article-title":"Association between high biomarker probability of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and improvement of clinical outcomes after shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.","volume":"369","author":"Kazui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009647","article-title":"Comparative analysis between side-to-end and end-to-end lymphaticovenous anastomosis for secondary lower limb lymphedema.","volume":"150","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139574","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139574","article-title":"Modeling the role of the glymphatic pathway and cerebral blood vessel properties in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis.","volume":"10","author":"Kyrtsos","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-0364.2025.01.002","article-title":"Preliminary clinical efficacy observation of lymphatic\/lymph node-venous shunt surgery in cervical region egiofor the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Reconstru. Surg."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13836","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c02652","article-title":"Near-infrared-II imaging revealed hypothermia regulates neuroinflammation following brain injury by increasing the glymphatic influx.","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101641","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2024-101641","article-title":"Promising outcomes 5 weeks after a surgical cervical shunting procedure to unclog cerebral lymphatic systems in a patient with Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gen. Psych."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01451-2","article-title":"Immunosenescence: Molecular mechanisms and diseases.","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sig. Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","article-title":"Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels.","volume":"523","author":"Louveau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn441206-20210809-00194","article-title":"Preliminary observation on the efficacy of deep cervical lymphatic-venous drainage under 3D exoscope in the treatment of an elderly patient with cognitive impairment.","volume":"45","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Microsurg."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12060935","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease CSF biomarker profiles in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.","volume":"12","author":"Mazzeo","year":"2022","journal-title":"JPM"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12990","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112990","article-title":"Microglia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"23","author":"Merighi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009050","article-title":"Use of microscope-integrated near-infrared fluorescence for enhancing deep lymphatic vessel detection during supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenous anastomosis: A longitudinal cohort study.","volume":"149","author":"Mito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.27576","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography as an adjunctive method to ICG lymphography for functional lymphaticovenous anastomosis.","volume":"129","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07132-6","article-title":"Multisensory gamma stimulation promotes glymphatic clearance of amyloid.","volume":"627","author":"Murdock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713726","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.713726","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of the 5xfad mouse model for preclinical testing applications: A MODEL-AD study.","volume":"13","author":"Oblak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21574","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101574RR","article-title":"The meningeal lymphatic vasculature in neuroinflammation.","volume":"36","author":"Olate-Briones","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2022.08.008","article-title":"Super-microsurgery technique for lymphaticovenular anastomosis.","volume":"11","author":"Onoda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat Disord."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14551","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14551","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients have smaller venous drainage system compared to cognitively healthy controls.","volume":"21","author":"Pardo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.251192","article-title":"Amelioration of Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology and cognitive deficits by immunomodulatory agents in animal models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"14","author":"Peplow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-051217-111018","article-title":"The glymphatic system in central nervous system health and disease: Past, present, and future.","volume":"13","author":"Plog","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2019.02.024","article-title":"Preoperative planning of lymphaticovenous anastomosis: The use of magnetic resonance lymphangiography as a complement to indocyanine green lymphography.","volume":"72","author":"Pons","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plast Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160612","article-title":"Amyloid-beta and phosphorylated tau accumulations cause abnormalities at synapses of Alzheimer\u2019s disease neurons.","volume":"57","author":"Rajmohan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-12944-1","article-title":"Glymphatic system dysfunction as a biomarker of disease progression in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Neuroimaging evidence from longitudinal cohort studies.","volume":"272","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-021-00102-7","article-title":"Glymphatic system, AQP4, and their implications in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"3","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.119","article-title":"Clearance systems in the brain\u2014implications for Alzheimer disease.","volume":"11","author":"Tarasoff-Conway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.08.254","article-title":"Brain lobotomy: A historical and moral dilemma with no alternative?","volume":"132","author":"Terrier","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5284","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175284","article-title":"Advances in modern microsurgery.","volume":"13","author":"Thamm","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"afab245","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab245","article-title":"New horizons in the perioperative care of older adults.","volume":"51","author":"Thillainadesan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2024.100013","article-title":"Microglial activation states and their implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"12","author":"Valiukas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12656","article-title":"Deep cervical lymph node ligation aggravates AD-like pathology of APP\/PS1 mice.","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0312-z","article-title":"Fdn Leducq Transatlantic Network. Perivascular spaces in the brain: Anatomy, physiology and pathology.","volume":"16","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-008-0457-0","article-title":"Lymphatic drainage of the brain and the pathophysiology of neurological disease.","volume":"117","author":"Weller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2008.00133.x","article-title":"Clearance of A\u03b2 from the brain in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Perivascular drainage of amyloid-\u03b2 peptides from the brain and its failure in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"18","author":"Weller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, 2013.","volume":"310","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251364397","article-title":"Surgical advances in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A comprehensive review.","volume":"107","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.13418\/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.01","article-title":"Expert consensus on lymphatic surgical treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (2025 edition).","volume":"43","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Anat."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010933","article-title":"Rewiring the brain: The next frontier in supermicrosurgery.","volume":"153","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120953","article-title":"Anatomical features of the deep cervical lymphatic system and intrajugular lymphatic vessels in humans.","volume":"10","author":"Ya\u011fmurlu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05225-z","article-title":"Involvement of the glymphatic\/meningeal lymphatic system in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Insights into proteostasis and future directions.","volume":"81","author":"Yamada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01450-0","article-title":"Advancing insights into in vivo meningeal lymphatic vessels with stereoscopic wide-field photoacoustic microscopy.","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.230299","article-title":"Induced dural lymphangiogenesis facilitates soluble amyloid-beta clearance from brain in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25670","article-title":"Impairment of the glymphatic pathway and putative meningeal lymphatic vessels in the aging human.","volume":"87","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-020-2281-2","article-title":"Advances in drug therapy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1671741\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T06:34:16Z","timestamp":1764138856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1671741\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1671741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1671741","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"article-number":"1671741"}}