{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:08:28Z","timestamp":1781586508465,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Delirium is an acute disturbance of attention, arousal, and cognition that fluctuates in severity and is a common yet under recognized complication in hospitalized patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. In Parkinson\u2019s disease, symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, hallucinations, and slowed thinking overlap with the clinical features of delirium, which can obscure its onset in hospitalized patients. Variability in diagnostic criteria further complicates accurate recognition and prevalence estimates. This mini review summarizes current evidence on the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of delirium in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and its associations with mortality and institutionalization. A total of 61 reports published between 1990 and 2025 were included across five domains: delirium diagnosis and prevalence, delirium subtypes, PD-specific delirium rates, risk factors and prevention, and treatment considerations. Foundational evidence reviews and official diagnostic documents (e.g., ICD-10, ICD-11, DSM criteria) were also incorporated as they remain internationally recognized standards for delirium diagnosis. Scholarly studies were appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklists, with overall evidence quality judged to be moderate to high, while official diagnostic and guideline documents were considered high-quality based on their authoritative, consensus-driven development. Standardized clinical strategies for hospital management remain limited, but the available evidence supports the use of tailored approaches. We present evidence-based implications for clinical care aligned with the Parkinson\u2019s Foundation Hospital Care Standards to improve recognition, prevention, and treatment. We emphasize the need for critical evaluation, methodological consistency, and acknowledgment of the dynamic care challenges posed by delirium in Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1693827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T06:54:02Z","timestamp":1761720842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving recognition and management of inpatient delirium in Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence review and implications for clinical care"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Colin","family":"Coleman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrianne","family":"Smiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheera","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2024.131776","article-title":"Prolonged delirium during hospitalization is associated with worse long-term and short-term outcomes in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"399","author":"Aikawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12123897","article-title":"Delirium in medically hospitalized patients: prevalence, recognition and risk factors: a prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Al Farsi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x","article-title":"The American Geriatrics Society 2012 beers criteria update expert panel, American Geriatrics Society updated beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults","volume":"60","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref3","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-23-00268","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for quasi-experimental studies","volume":"22","author":"Barker","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-24-00103","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for cohort studies","volume":"23","author":"Barker","year":"","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-24-00523","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for analytical cross-sectional studies","volume":"2","author":"Barker","year":"","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00125","article-title":"Revising the JBI quantitative critical appraisal tools to improve their applicability: an overview of methods and the development process","volume":"21","author":"Barker","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00430","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Barker","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002149","article-title":"Improving hospital survival and reducing brain dysfunction at seven California community hospitals: implementing PAD guidelines via the ABCDEF bundle in 6,064 patients","volume":"45","author":"Barnes-Daly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951514001059","article-title":"Haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole in the management of delirium: a comparison of efficacy, safety, and side effects","volume":"13","author":"Boettger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palliative Supp. Care"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2770","article-title":"The prevalence, incidence and risk factors for delirium in Dutch nursing homes and residential care homes","volume":"27","author":"Boorsma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013307.pub3","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients","volume":"2021","author":"Burton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/089198870001300106","article-title":"Etiologic and outcome profiles in hypoactive and hyperactive subtypes of delirium","volume":"13","author":"Camus","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0b013e3182712fba","article-title":"Bis-guided anesthesia decreases postoperative delirium and cognitive decline","volume":"25","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2017.11.262","article-title":"Treatment of psychotic symptoms in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ment Health Clin"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.05.058","article-title":"Delirium prevalence in geriatric emergency department patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9350-8","article-title":"Exogenous melatonin for delirium prevention: a Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13470","article-title":"Documentation and diagnosis of delirium in Parkinson's disease","volume":"147","author":"Cullinan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62106-6","article-title":"Pimavanserin for patients with Parkinson's disease psychosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"383","author":"Cummings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-024-00309-4","article-title":"Cognitive disorders in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: challenges in the diagnosis of delirium","volume":"6","author":"Daniels","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Practice"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988716640378","article-title":"Quetiapine for psychosis in Parkinson disease and neurodegenerative parkinsonian disorders: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Desmarais","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.06.051","article-title":"Association of Postoperative Delirium and Parkinson Disease after Common United States Surgical Procedures","volume":"291","author":"Dham","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-01980-7","article-title":"Management of delirium in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"126","author":"Ebersbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20451253231198462","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253231198462","article-title":"Preventing and treating delirium in clinical settings for older adults","volume":"13","author":"Faeder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18212","article-title":"The modified and extended hospital elder life program: a remote model of care to expand delirium prevention","volume":"71","author":"Fong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00101-5","article-title":"The interface between delirium and dementia in elderly adults","volume":"14","author":"Fong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2006.08.007","article-title":"Treating dopamimetic psychosis in Parkinson's disease: structured review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Frieling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276731","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1276731","article-title":"Complications and outcomes of hospitalizations for patients with and without Parkinson disease","volume":"15","author":"George","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"afae046","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae046","article-title":"Delirium is more common and associated with worse outcomes in Parkinson's disease compared to older adult controls: results of two prospective longitudinal cohort studies","volume":"53","author":"Gerakios","year":"2024","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00234-2","article-title":"First delirium episode in Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism: incidence, predictors, and outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinson's Dis."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.3320","article-title":"Preventive effects of ramelteon on delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Hatta","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e480","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004313","article-title":"Association of Hypoactive and Hyperactive Delirium with Cognitive Function after Critical Illness","volume":"48","author":"Hayhurst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2018.06.007","article-title":"Hospital elder life program: systematic review and Meta-analysis of effectiveness","volume":"26","author":"Hshieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.7779","article-title":"Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions","volume":"175","author":"Hshieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-021-00904-z","article-title":"Delirium in geriatric patients","volume":"172","author":"Iglseder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903043400901","article-title":"A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients","volume":"340","author":"Inouye","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","article-title":"Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method","volume":"113","author":"Inouye","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","article-title":"Delirium in elderly people","volume":"383","author":"Inouye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"CMS age-friendly measure: overview for hospitals and health systems","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2012.0319","article-title":"Clarifying delirium management: practical, evidenced-based, expert recommendations for clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Irwin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.15br01810","article-title":"Etiologic and cognitive differences in hyperactive and hypoactive delirium","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000062","article-title":"Delirium diagnosis, screening and management","volume":"8","author":"Lawlor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.09.025","article-title":"Defining delirium in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Lawson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaf197","article-title":"Detecting delirium in Parkinson's disease: an evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of bedside tools","volume":"54","author":"Lawson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212849","article-title":"Evaluation of bedside tests of attention and arousal assessing delirium in Parkinson\u2019s disease, dementia, and older adults","volume":"12","author":"Lawson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2024.06.005","article-title":"Delirium in the United States: results from the 2023 cross-sectional world delirium awareness day prevalence study","volume":"65","author":"Lindroth","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Acad. Consult. Liaison Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006379","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006379.pub3","article-title":"Benzodiazepines for delirium","volume":"2010","author":"Lonergan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.20079","article-title":"Health-related quality of life for Parkinson's disease patients and their caregivers","volume":"14","author":"Lubomski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498756","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1498756","article-title":"Global, regional, national epidemiology and trends of Parkinson's disease from 1990 to 2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2016.12.005","article-title":"The ABCDEF bundle in critical care","volume":"33","author":"Marra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0164-8","article-title":"Concordance between DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria for delirium diagnosis in a pooled database of 768 prospectively evaluated patients using the delirium rating scale-revised-98","volume":"12","author":"Meagher","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879801100306","article-title":"Delirium phenomenology illuminates pathophysiology, management, and course","volume":"11","author":"Meagher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-D-19-00099","article-title":"Methodological quality of case series studies: an introduction to the JBI critical appraisal tool","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-20-00364","article-title":"The \"quality\" of JBI qualitative research synthesis: a methodological investigation into the adherence of meta-aggregative systematic reviews to reporting standards and methodological guidance","volume":"19","author":"Munn","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14076","article-title":"Antipsychotic medication for prevention and treatment of delirium in hospitalized adults: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Neufeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.05.006","article-title":"Effects of Ramelteon on the prevention of postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing orthopedic surgery: the RECOVER randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6046","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.6046","article-title":"The phenotype of delirium based on a close reading of diagnostic criteria","volume":"38","author":"Oldham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70166-8","article-title":"Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70197","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70197","article-title":"Discontinuation of the clozapine risk evaluation and mitigation strategy and implications in movement disorders","volume":"22","author":"Palmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref61","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref62","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.17394","article-title":"Ramelteon for prevention of delirium in hospitalized older patients. Clinical review & education","volume":"313","author":"Perkisas","year":"2015","journal-title":"From the JAMA Network"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003482","article-title":"Caring for critically ill patients with the ABCDEF bundle: results of the ICU liberation collaborative in over 15,000 adults","volume":"47","author":"Pun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27602","article-title":"Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease\u2014an evidence-based medicine review","volume":"34","author":"Seppi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255428","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1255428","article-title":"More than medications: a patient-centered assessment of Parkinson\u2019s disease care needs during hospitalization","volume":"15","author":"Shurer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2008.12.016","article-title":"Validation of memorial delirium assessment scale","volume":"24","author":"Shyamsundar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v9.i3.47","article-title":"Evidence for using pimavanserin for the treatment of Parkinson's disease psychosis","volume":"9","author":"Tampi","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0160","article-title":"Effect of haloperidol on survival among critically ill adults with a high risk of delirium: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"van den Boogaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9050103","article-title":"Clinical features of Parkinson's disease: the evolution of critical symptoms","volume":"9","author":"Varadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7760-1","article-title":"Review of delirium in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"262","author":"Vardy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01674.x","article-title":"The confusion assessment method: a systematic review of current usage","volume":"56","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0031","article-title":"Association of Antipsychotic use with Mortality Risk in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"73","author":"Weintraub","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref74","volume-title":"The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12857","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and risk factors of delirium in ICU patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4140\/TCP.n.2024.242","article-title":"Improved outcomes when home-dose carbidopa-levodopa is continued in the geriatric emergency Department in Patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"39","author":"Yuksel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sr Care Pharm"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104584","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions to prevent and treat delirium in older people: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"148","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1693827\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T06:54:03Z","timestamp":1761720843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1693827\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1693827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1693827","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"article-number":"1693827"}}