{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:28:23Z","timestamp":1788474503836,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a debilitating comorbidity in over 80% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Evidence implicates dysregulation of the gut-kidney-brain axis as a may contribute of EDS pathogenesis, though detailed mechanistic insights remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review evaluates the efficacy of interventions targeting the gut-kidney-brain axis in ameliorating EDS among PD and CKD patients, benchmarking outcomes against standard care protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically queried PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published between January 2000 and December 2025. Our search encompassed experimental, observational, and qualitative designs. Two reviewers independently conducted study selection and data extraction. Data synthesis incorporated random-effects models to address methodological heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis of 68 included studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15,392 participants) demonstrated that interventions such as specific probiotics significantly reduced Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores by 8.2 points (95% CI: 7.1\u20139.3; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 65%). Furthermore, biomarker-guided personalized strategies (BBPI) yielded a 3.2-fold higher improvement in EDS outcomes (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.9\u20135.4).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Targeting the gut-kidney-brain axis holds substantial promise for managing EDS, supported by moderate-certainty evidence for BBPI-based approaches. However, clinical translation necessitates personalized intervention frameworks and validation through large-scale multicenter trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1728664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T06:42:31Z","timestamp":1769668951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut-kidney-brain axis and daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease and chronic kidney disease: an expert narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Canmin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Jiangxia District, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihong","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Examination Center, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2022.103355","article-title":"Nanomedicine approaches to reduce cytokine storms in severe infections","volume":"27","author":"Ahmar Rauf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122793","article-title":"Is the enteric nervous system a lost piece of the gut-kidney axis puzzle linked to chronic kidney disease?","volume":"351","author":"Almeida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.6002\/ect.MESOT2023.P36","article-title":"Impact of pretransplant dialysis modality on posttransplant outcomes: a single-center experience","volume":"22","author":"Al-Otaibi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-59815-9_13","article-title":"Cytokines in cytokine storm syndrome","volume":"1448","author":"Behrens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-024-01929-4","article-title":"Uremic toxins and the brain in chronic kidney disease","volume":"37","author":"Bossola","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2023.03.007","article-title":"Associations between individual depressive symptoms and immunometabolic characteristics in major depression","volume":"71","author":"Chae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118054","article-title":"IDO1 inhibitors block septic cytokine storm by suppressing the IDO1-AHR-CYP1A1 axis","volume":"187","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107988","article-title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases: tales of a vicious cycle","volume":"231","author":"Chidambaram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.380881","article-title":"Dual-directional regulation of spinal cord injury and the gut microbiota","volume":"19","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-024-01468-8","article-title":"Regulation of the blood-brain barrier function by peripheral cues in health and disease","volume":"40","author":"Devraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-022-00245-2","article-title":"Novel objective measures of hyperdaytime sleepiness","volume":"9","author":"Dworetz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Sleep Med. Rep."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00470-3","article-title":"RNA biomarkers of Parkinson disease","volume":"17","author":"Fyfe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044089","article-title":"The gut-organ-axis concept: advances the application of gut-on-chip technology","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-203075","article-title":"Melatonin and dopamine serum level associations with motor, cognitive, and sleep dysfunctions in patients with Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional research study","volume":"46","author":"Hadoush","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad239","article-title":"Drugs with a negative impact on cognitive functions (part 2): drug classes to consider while prescribing in CKD patients","volume":"16","author":"Hafez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105922","article-title":"Functions of the (pro)renin receptor (Atp6ap2) at molecular and system levels: pathological implications in hypertension, renal and brain development, inflammation, and fibrosis","volume":"173","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.21.639499","article-title":"Reconstructed cell-type specific rhythms in human brain link Alzheimer's pathology, circadian stress, and ribosomal disruption","author":"Hollis","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66421-y","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects of uremic toxin-indoxyl sulfate in the rat model","volume":"10","author":"Karbowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.07.001","article-title":"Androgen effects on mesoprefrontal dopamine systems in the adult male brain","volume":"568","author":"Kritzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40927-1","article-title":"Microglial REV-ERB\u03b1 regulates inflammation and lipid droplet formation to drive tauopathy in male mice","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220493","article-title":"PARK7 is induced to protect against endotoxic acute kidney injury by suppressing NF-\u03baB","volume":"136","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14411","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14411","article-title":"The potential role of glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism in the treatment of Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sfae174","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae174","article-title":"Drugs with a negative impact on cognitive functions (part 3): antibacterial agents in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Liabeuf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.270","article-title":"Gut-X axis","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104754","article-title":"Orexin and Parkinson's disease: a protective neuropeptide with therapeutic potential","volume":"138","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434613","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1434613","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotics\/synbiotics supplementation in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14798","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14798","article-title":"Propofol improves sleep deprivation-induced sleep structural and cognitive deficits via upregulating the BMAL1 expression and suppressing microglial M1 polarization","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004241256031","article-title":"The gut microbiome and symptom burden after kidney transplantation: an overview and research opportunities","volume":"26","author":"Lockwood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24967","article-title":"Risk factors of postoperative delirium following spine surgery: a meta-analysis of 50 cohort studies with 1.1 million participants","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442854","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1442854","article-title":"Modulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicines on gut microbiota and the microbiota-gut-x axis","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2024.12.011","article-title":"Precision medicine in Parkinson's disease","volume":"43","author":"Maayan Eshed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-020-00874-6","article-title":"Repurposing drug molecules for new pulmonary therapeutic interventions","volume":"11","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578102","article-title":"Microglia activation mediates circadian rhythm disruption-induced cognitive impairment in mice","volume":"379","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59050935","article-title":"Clinical symptoms influencing Parkinson's patients' quality of life in Latvia: a single-center cohort study","volume":"59","author":"Minibajeva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234079","article-title":"Gut microbiota and gut-brain axis in hypertension: implications for kidney and cardiovascular health-a narrative review","volume":"16","author":"M\u0142ynarska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00497.2020","article-title":"The retrotrapezoid nucleus and the neuromodulation of breathing","volume":"125","author":"Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28986","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28986","article-title":"Leigh-like syndrome with a novel, complex phnotype due to m.10191T>C in Mt-ND3","volume":"14","author":"Newstead","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092057","article-title":"Microbiota microbial dysbiosis in Parkinson disease-in search of a biomarker","volume":"10","author":"Nowak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79801","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.79801","article-title":"Parkinsonism hyperpyrexia syndrome: a rare cause of temperature elevation","volume":"17","author":"Rosado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00734-x","article-title":"Clinical symptoms and neuroanatomical substrates of daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Rosinvil","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723001009","article-title":"A network analysis of depressive symptoms and metabolomics","volume":"53","author":"Rydin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000717","article-title":"The gut microbiome and the brain","volume":"18","author":"Rykalo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09705-7","article-title":"Precision medicine in Parkinson's disease: emerging treatments for genetic Parkinson's disease","volume":"267","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsac165","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac165","article-title":"Sleep spindle and slow wave activity in Parkinson disease with excessive daytime sleepiness","volume":"46","author":"Schreiner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2024.044","article-title":"Nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic constipation","volume":"83","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Korean J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70574","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202500295R","article-title":"Multifaceted role of microbiota-derived indole-3-acetic acid in human diseases and its potential clinical application","volume":"39","author":"Shaheen","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-023-00340-6","article-title":"Circadian disruption and sleep disorders in neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12168","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512168","article-title":"\u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve the blood-brain-barrier integrity in contrast-induced blood-brain-barrier injury in uremic mice","volume":"24","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0122117385310095240913102242","article-title":"A significant prospective on nanorobotics in precision medicine and therapeutic interventions","author":"Soni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2023.102938","article-title":"Objective evaluation of excessive daytime sleepiness","volume":"54","author":"Taillard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000001218","article-title":"Nonpharmacological treatment for coping with pain","volume":"34","author":"Torres-Ortu\u00f1o","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557523666230221104504","article-title":"Examining the role of histaminergic, orexinergic, and cannabinergic systems in redox regulation in gastric adenocarcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Torres-Rom\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae253","article-title":"The role of the intestinal microbiome in cognitive decline in patients with kidney disease","author":"Wagner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450123666220414135249","article-title":"Current research trends in cytokine storm: a scientometric study","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102452","article-title":"Friend or foe: lactate in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06221","article-title":"Effect of uremic toxins on hippocampal cell damage: analysis in vitro and in rat model of chronic kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s15006-023-2649-x","article-title":"[Nonpharmacological treatment of asthma]","volume":"165","author":"Worth","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMW Fortschr. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308345","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1308345","article-title":"New insight on microglia activation in neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106626","article-title":"Kidney-brain axis in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment","volume":"200","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100585","article-title":"Efficacy of celecoxib add-on treatment for immuno-metabolic depression: protocol of the INFLAMED double-blind placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Zwiep","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1728664\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T06:42:32Z","timestamp":1769668952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1728664\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1728664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1728664","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"article-number":"1728664"}}