{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:38:47Z","timestamp":1790800727104,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brain-computer interface-based rehabilitation represents an emerging neurorehabilitation approach for post-stroke motor recovery, yet its comprehensive effects on patients in the early phase after stroke, typically defined as within 3 months of onset, remain to be fully established. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated effects of this intervention on upper limb function, activities of daily living, and adverse events in individuals with early stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Eligibility criteria were established for randomized controlled trials that encompassed: (1) participants were adults (\u226518 years) within 3 months of stroke onset with upper limb motor impairment; (2) interventions included brain-computer interface-based rehabilitation, and (3) outcomes that measured upper limb function, activities of daily living, and adverse events. A systematic search was performed across PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases from their inception to August 23, 2025. Two independent reviewers assessed eligibility, compiled data, and appraised methodological rigor, potential bias, and reliability of the evidence. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 (Cochrane Collaboration, UK) and Stata 18 (StataCorp., USA), applying random-effects models to calculate mean differences (MD) or risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup analyses, meta-regression, sensitivity analyses, and publication bias assessments were conducted where appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nine studies involving 642 participants (212 females and 430 males) with a mean age of 59.77 years were included. For primary outcomes, brain-computer interface-based rehabilitation significantly improved upper limb function in patients with early stroke (MD = 5.02, 95% CI: 3.20, 6.84). Subgroup analyses revealed that no statistically significant differences were observed in the improvement of upper limb functionality among various patient demographics and intervention characteristics (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05). For secondary outcomes, the pooled analysis suggested a potential improvement in activities of daily living with BCI-based rehabilitation (MD = 7.68, 95% CI: 0.32, 15.03), although this finding was accompanied by very high heterogeneity (\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 88%) and was not robust in sensitivity analyses, indicating low certainty of evidence. Subgroup analyses indicated that greater benefits might be observed in patients within 30 days after stroke onset and with intervention durations not exceeding 3 weeks. Regarding safety, preliminary data from a single study suggested no significant difference in adverse events between groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.87), but the evidence base is currently insufficient to draw firm conclusions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brain-computer interface-based rehabilitation is effective in improving upper limb motor function in patients with early stroke. Current evidence suggests a potential benefit for activities of daily living, but the evidence is of low certainty due to substantial heterogeneity and limited robustness. Subgroup analyses identified time from onset and intervention duration as potential effect modifiers for activities of daily living. Preliminary safety data from a single study are encouraging but insufficient to establish a safety profile. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to establish optimal brain-computer interface-based rehabilitation protocols, to confirm the potential benefit on activities of daily living with more robust evidence, and to evaluate long-term efficacy and safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO [Register number: CRD420251144151].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1737740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T16:04:16Z","timestamp":1774368256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of brain-computer interface-based rehabilitation on upper limb function, activities of daily living, and adverse events in patients with early stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jing-Xue","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue-Mi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Workers' Hospital","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan-Shan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi-Fu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Hong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Ting","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Hua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Wen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Shan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01282-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"23","author":"Alsbrook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968321997769","article-title":"robotic system with EMG-triggered functional eletrical stimulation for restoring arm functions in stroke survivors","volume":"35","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00820-8","article-title":"Brain\u2013computer interface robotics for hand rehabilitation after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Baniqued","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae332","article-title":"Assessing the certainty of the evidence in systematic reviews: importance, process, and use","volume":"194","author":"Brignardello-Petersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01304-1","article-title":"Brain computer interface training with motor imagery and functional electrical stimulation for patients with severe upper limb paresis after stroke: a randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"21","author":"Brunner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1764","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1764","article-title":"Brain-machine interface of upper limb recovery in stroke patients rehabilitation: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiother. Res. Int."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.08.005","article-title":"Clinimetrics: Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale","volume":"66","author":"Cashin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awag022","article-title":"Bilateral theta burst stimulation aids neural repair and recovery after ischaemic stroke in primates","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Ed000142","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.ED000142","article-title":"Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","volume":"10","author":"Cumpston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e588","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdac036","article-title":"Strengthening systematic reviews in public health: guidance in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, 2nd edition","volume":"44","author":"Cumpston","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.11.033","article-title":"Multi-level meta-analysis of therapeutic interventions to improve fall-related outcomes in individuals with lower limb amputation","author":"Dhariwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.17116\/kurort20199605119","article-title":"[Virtual reality in upper extremity dysfunction: specific features of usage in acute stroke]","volume":"96","author":"Dolganov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vopr. Kurortol. Fizioter. Lech. Fiz. Kult."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-8348.2023.18.019","article-title":"Application of mirror therapy-based brain-computer interface technology in upper limb rehabilitation of stroke patients","volume":"52","author":"Dun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chongqing Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2021.101596","article-title":"Respiratory muscle training improves exercise tolerance and respiratory muscle function\/structure post-stroke at short term: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Fabero-Garrido","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-021-00554-0","article-title":"Reduced functional network connectivity is associated with upper limb dysfunction in acute ischemic brainstem stroke","volume":"16","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.08.485","article-title":"Methodologic quality and statistical reporting of physical therapy randomized controlled trials relevant to musculoskeletal conditions","volume":"99","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2021.09.014","article-title":"Evidence-based urology: understanding GRADE methodology","volume":"7","author":"Gonzalez-Padilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2023.10.023","article-title":"Fixed-effect versus random-effects models for meta-analyses: random-effects models","volume":"9","author":"Halme","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01723-8","article-title":"Multimodal assessment of a BCI system for stroke rehabilitation integrating motor imagery and motor attempts: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493016643553","article-title":"Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: stroke rehabilitation practice guidelines, update (2015)","volume":"11","author":"Hebert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00642-1","article-title":"Stroke","volume":"403","author":"Hilkens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3870\/zgkf.2024.11.001","article-title":"Motor imagery-based brain-computer interface training improves upper limb and brain function in stroke patients","volume":"39","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rehabil."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968306294729","article-title":"Establishing the minimal clinically important difference of the Barthel Index in stroke patients","volume":"21","author":"Hsieh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642262","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1642262","article-title":"Effects of respiratory muscle training on respiratory function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in chronic stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.2.193","article-title":"Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index?","volume":"11","author":"Huedo-Medina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2399","article-title":"The immunology of stroke: from mechanisms to translation","volume":"17","author":"Iadecola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01704-x","article-title":"Effects and neural mechanisms of a brain-computer interface-controlled soft robotic glove on upper limb function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled fNIRS study","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"208","volume-title":"Global Burden of Stroke","author":"Katan","year":"2018"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60325-5","article-title":"Stroke rehabilitation","volume":"377","author":"Langhorne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01588-x","article-title":"Effects of brain-computer interface based training on post-stroke upper-limb rehabilitation: a meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117670","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1117670","article-title":"Motor imagery brain-computer interface rehabilitation system enhances upper limb performance and improves brain activity in stroke patients: a clinical study","volume":"17","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03150-5","article-title":"Effects of motor imagery based brain-computer interface on upper limb function and attention in stroke patients with hemiplegia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.04.001","article-title":"Neural interface-based motor neuroprosthesis in poststroke upper limb neurorehabilitation: an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Lo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2025.01109","article-title":"Integrative neurorehabilitation using brain-computer interface: from motor function to mental health after stroke","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","article-title":"Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials","volume":"83","author":"Maher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222770","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222770","article-title":"Agreement between the cochrane risk of bias tool and physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale: a meta-epidemiological study of randomized controlled trials of physical therapy interventions","volume":"14","author":"Moseley","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683211062895","article-title":"Brain-computer interface training based on brain activity can induce motor recovery in patients with stroke: a meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Nojima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110009","article-title":"Clinically important differences for the upper-extremity Fugl-Meyer Scale in people with minimal to moderate impairment due to chronic stroke","volume":"92","author":"Page","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0563-3","article-title":"Intensive virtual reality and robotic based upper limb training compared to usual care, and associated cortical reorganization, in the acute and early sub-acute periods post-stroke: a feasibility study","volume":"16","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798883","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.798883","article-title":"The application of brain-computer interface in upper limb dysfunction after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-162","article-title":"Outcome and upper extremity function within 72 hours after first occasion of stroke in an unselected population at a stroke unit. A part of the SALGOT study","volume":"12","author":"Persson","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l6983","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6983","article-title":"Management of acute ischemic stroke","volume":"368","author":"Phipps","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd010820","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010820.pub2","article-title":"Interventions for improving upper limb function after stroke","volume":"2014","author":"Pollock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030571","article-title":"The implications of microglial regulation in neuroplasticity-dependent stroke recovery","volume":"13","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438095","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1438095","article-title":"The effect of brain-computer interface controlled functional electrical stimulation training on rehabilitation of upper limb after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0062","article-title":"Walking training associated with virtual reality-based training increases walking speed of individuals with chronic stroke: systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Rodrigues-Baroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02676-0","article-title":"Effects of physical therapy modalities for motor function, functional recovery, and post-stroke complications in patients with severe stroke: a systematic review update","volume":"13","author":"Roesner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023531","article-title":"Systematic review on kinematic assessments of upper limb movements after stroke","volume":"50","author":"Schwarz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591435","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.591435","article-title":"Brain computer interface treatment for motor rehabilitation of upper extremity of stroke patients-a feasibility study","volume":"14","author":"Sebasti\u00e1n-Romagosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34148","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034148","article-title":"Verum versus Sham brain-computer interface on upper limb function recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"102","author":"Shou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2939587","article-title":"Cellphone-based automated fugl-meyer assessment to evaluate upper extremity motor function after stroke","volume":"27","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B53","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stata Statistical Software, 18 Edn"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30415-6","article-title":"Advances and challenges in stroke rehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Stinear","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449729","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1449729","article-title":"Research trends and hotspots of post-stroke upper limb dysfunction: a bibliometric and visualization analysis","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-9771.2021.07.011","article-title":"Rehabilitation effect of brain-computer interface-controlled functional electrical stimulation on upper limb dysfunction in stroke patients","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rehabil. Theory Pract."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.02.014","article-title":"Rehabilitation with brain-computer interface and upper limb motor function in ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.13339\/j.cnki.sglc.20220218.014","article-title":"Clinical study of braincomputer interface-based electrical stimulation training on upper limb dysfunction rehabilitation in stroke patients","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Clin. Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000004392","article-title":"Brain-computer interface and functional electrical stimulation: a novel approach to motor rehabilitation in CNS injury patients","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39465.451748.AD","article-title":"Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: meta-epidemiological study","volume":"336","author":"Wood","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01419","article-title":"Brain functional networks study of subacute stroke patients with upper limb dysfunction after comprehensive rehabilitation including BCI training","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949575","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.949575","article-title":"Brain-machine interface-based training for improving upper extremity function after stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766879","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.766879","article-title":"The effect of brain-computer interface training on rehabilitation of upper limb dysfunction after stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041978","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1041978","article-title":"Brain-computer interface combined with mental practice and occupational therapy enhances upper limb motor recovery, activities of daily living, and participation in subacute stroke","volume":"13","author":"Zanona","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1329.2025.02006","article-title":"Effects of motor imagery-based brain-computer interface cooperative training combined with conventional rehabilitation on hemiplegic patients with subacute stroke","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1313","article-title":"Using systematic reviews in guideline development: the GRADE approach","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-024-00338-7","article-title":"The effects of respiratory muscle training on respiratory function and functional capacity in patients with early stroke: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.11958\/20251930","article-title":"Effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with brain-computer interface rehabilitation robot on upper limb motor dysfunction in stroke patients","volume":"53","author":"Zhen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tianjin Med. J."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1737740\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T16:04:22Z","timestamp":1774368262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1737740\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1737740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1737740","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"article-number":"1737740"}}