{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T17:34:20Z","timestamp":1770399260103,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Early-life protein malnutrition disrupts redox balance in the brain and alters brain development and function. This study evaluated the effects of subcutaneous melatonin (MLT) administration, treadmill exercise (TE), and their combination on behavioral parameters (anxiety and memory), brain electrical activity (cortical spreading depression, CSD), and brain oxidative stress in well-nourished (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f40) and malnourished (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f40) young male rats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both well-nourished and malnourished rats were assigned to treadmill exercise (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f20) or sedentary (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f20) groups. Each group (exercised and sedentary) received either MLT (subcutaneous;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f10\/group) or vehicle (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f10\/group). MLT (10\u202fmg\/kg on alternate days) and TE (forced running on a treadmill for 40-min daily sessions, 3\u202fdays\/week) were conducted from P25 to P55. Immediately after TE and MLT treatments, animals underwent behavioral tests for anxiety (elevated plus maze and open field) and object recognition memory. CSD was continuously recorded for 4\u202fh. Brains were collected for redox balance analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malnutrition increased anxiety-like behaviors, impaired memory, accelerated CSD propagation, and disrupted cortical redox balance. Both MLT administration and TE reduced these adverse effects, improving behavioral performance, slowing CSD, and attenuating prooxidant markers. The combined interventions produced values closer to those of well-nourished animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data suggest that melatonin and aerobic exercise have complementary neuroprotective effects in malnourished young rats, mitigating behavioral and electrophysiological disturbances and restoring brain oxidative balance. These interventions may be promising strategies for minimizing the consequences of early-life protein malnutrition on neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1740062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:55:26Z","timestamp":1770360926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physical exercise\/melatonin interaction in young rats fed a low-protein diet: a behavioral, electrophysiological, and redox balance analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Maria Lu\u00edsa","family":"Figueira de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennyfer Martins","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Anderson","family":"da Silva Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria Bianca","family":"de Souza Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leucio Duarte","family":"Vieira Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur Gabriel Alves Furtado de Carvalho","family":"Noya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rubem Carlos Araujo","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco","place":["Recife, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2023.2285085","article-title":"Effect of perinatal dietary protein deficiency on some neurochemicals and cytoarchitectural balance, in F1 and F2 generations of rats","volume":"27","author":"Abey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1575574","article-title":"Topical cortical application of ovarian hormones and modulation of brain electrical activity: analysis of spreading depression in well-nourished and malnourished female rats","volume":"23","author":"Accioly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2014.08.012","article-title":"Genetic deletion of MT1 melatonin receptors alters spontaneous behavioral rhythms in male and female C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"66","author":"Adamah-Biassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"121","article-title":"[13] Catalase in vitro","volume-title":"Methods in enzymology","author":"Aebi","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2024.2371256","article-title":"Prenatal protein malnutrition decreases neuron numbers in the parahippocampal region but not prefrontal cortex in adult rats","volume":"28","author":"Amaral","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269609","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1269609","article-title":"Effect of neonatal melatonin administration on behavioral and brain electrophysiological and redox imbalance in rats","volume":"17","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020182","article-title":"Increasing inhibition of the rat brain 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase decreases glutathione redox state, elevating anxiety and perturbing stress adaptation","volume":"15","author":"Artiukhov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-021-00792-2","article-title":"Post-weaning protein malnutrition induces myocardial dysfunction associated with oxidative stress and altered calcium handling proteins in adult rats","volume":"77","author":"Belchior","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415x.2020.1819103","article-title":"Lactation in large litters influences anxiety, memory, and spreading depression in adult male rats that were chronically subjected to a non-convulsive pilocarpine dose","volume":"25","author":"Benevides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121726","article-title":"Treadmill exercise reverses the adverse effects of intermittent fasting on behavior and cortical spreading depression in young rats","volume":"13","author":"Braz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13154","article-title":"Novel therapeutic targets against spreading depression","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2025.0016","article-title":"Early-life mild traumatic brain injury alters neurodevelopment and behavior in mice","volume":"6","author":"Corrigan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-024-00700-8","article-title":"Melatonin is a neuroprotective and antioxidant agent against neurotoxicity induced by an intrahippocampal injection of nickel in rats","volume":"42","author":"El Brouzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103520","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin on changes occurring in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Escribano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Related Dis."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2024.2448137","article-title":"Malnutrition\/exercise interaction in the rat mother-pup dyad: a behavioral and electrophysiological analysis","volume":"28","author":"Figueira-De-Oliveira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1286","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004690","article-title":"The effects of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality and assessment of the serum melatonin in ICU patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Gandolfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2024","article-title":"Psychophysiological foundations of human physical activity behavior and motivation: theories, systems, mechanisms, evolution, and genetics","volume":"105","author":"Gerber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121493","article-title":"Exercise exacerbates the transcriptional profile of hypoxia, oxidative stress and inflammation in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-92271-3_148","article-title":"Cortical spreading depression: a model for studying brain consequences of malnutrition (book chapter #148)","volume-title":"Handbook of behavior, food and nutrition","author":"Guedes","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00136","article-title":"Brain aging and electrophysiological signaling: revisiting the spreading depression model","volume":"11","author":"Guedes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830511Y.0000000024","article-title":"The use of cortical spreading depression for studying the brain actions of antioxidants","volume":"15","author":"Guedes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119936","article-title":"Effects of exercise on mental health in mice with circadian rhythm disruption","volume":"389","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Dis."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3758\/s13420-025-00673-4","article-title":"Unraveling the synergistic effects of Astaxanthin and DHA on perinatal undernutrition-induced oxidative stress and cognitive deficit","volume":"53","author":"Hegde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Learn. Behav."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47424-x","article-title":"Prophylactic supplement with melatonin prevented the brain injury after cardiac arrest in rats","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02477-z","article-title":"Melatonin, an endogenous hormone, modulates Th17 cells via the reactive-oxygen species\/TXNIP\/HIF-1\u00e1 axis to alleviate autoimmune uveitis","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.04.002","article-title":"The role of the lymphatic system in subcutaneous absorption of macromolecules in the rat model","volume":"67","author":"Kagan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.05.011","article-title":"Sex differences in oxidant\/antioxidant balance under a chronic mild stress regime","volume":"98","author":"Kamper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12924","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312924","article-title":"The BDNF-interactive model for sustainable hippocampal neurogenesis in humans: synergistic effects of environmentally-mediated physical activity, cognitive stimulation, and mindfulness","volume":"25","author":"Khalil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202349","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1202349","article-title":"The effects of peripheral hormone responses to exercise on adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Kraemer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(78)90122-7","article-title":"Extracellular ionic variations during spreading depression","volume":"3","author":"Kraig","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01598-x","article-title":"Estrogen modulation of cortical spreading depression","volume":"24","author":"Kudo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1944.7.6.359","article-title":"Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex","volume":"1944","author":"Le\u0103o","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1944.7.6.391","article-title":"Pial circulation and spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex","volume":"7","author":"Le\u0103o","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118879","article-title":"Renal ischemia-reperfusion leads to hypertension and changes in proximal tubule Na+ transport and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: role of NADPH oxidase","volume":"266","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15070686","article-title":"Treadmill exercise impact on brain electrophysiological and glial immunoreactivity in cuprizone-treated rats","volume":"15","author":"Lima-de-Castro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040453","article-title":"Impact of maternal environment and inflammation on fetal neurodevelopment","volume":"13","author":"Lubrano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/physiologia5020013","article-title":"Exercise-induced neuroplasticity: adaptive mechanisms and preventive potential in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"5","author":"Mansoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiologia"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copm.2010.05.007","article-title":"Subcutaneous administration of biotherapeutics: current experience in animal models","volume":"12","author":"McDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14907","article-title":"Mapping the migraine: intracranial recording of cortical spreading depression in migraine with aura","volume":"65","author":"McLeod","year":"2025","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.06.027","article-title":"Prooxidant versus antioxidant brain action of ascorbic acid in well-nourished and malnourished rats as a function of dose: a cortical spreading depression and malondialdehyde analysis","volume":"86","author":"Mendes-da-Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9","article-title":"The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"247","author":"Misra","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231379","article-title":"Clinical impact of melatonin on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy; effects on cognition, sleep and depressive symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Palmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.70013","article-title":"A proteomics profiling reveals the neuroprotective effects of melatonin on exogenous \u00e2-amyloid-42 induced mitochondrial impairment, intracellular \u00e2-amyloid accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation in human SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"49","author":"Panmanee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates","author":"Paxinos","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.838S","article-title":"Components of the AIN-93 diets as improvements in the AIN-76A diet","volume":"127","author":"Reeves","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.11.1939","article-title":"AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet","volume":"123","author":"Reeves","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12360","article-title":"Melatonin as an antioxidant: under promises but over delivers","volume":"61","author":"Reiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.2024","article-title":"Melatonin protects Kir2. 1 function in an oxidative stress-related model of aging neuroglia","volume":"50","author":"Remigante","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-31547-3_155","article-title":"Modeling aggression in animals: the brain growth spurt and alcohol-induced aggression","volume-title":"Handbook of anger, aggression, and violence","author":"Ribeiro-Carvalho","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2025.101212","article-title":"The impact of undernutrition and overnutrition on early brain development","volume":"55","author":"Samia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd5046","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd5046","article-title":"Neurodegenerative processes accelerated by protein malnutrition and decelerated by essential amino acids in a tauopathy mouse model","volume":"7","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(68)90092-4","article-title":"Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent","volume":"25","author":"Sedlak","year":"1968","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.08.036","article-title":"Effects of maternal physical exercise on global DNA methylation and hippocampal plasticity of rat male offspring","volume":"418","author":"Segabinazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"624","article-title":"The laboratory rat: relating its age with human's","volume":"4","author":"Sengupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-02023-4","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation and restores the Th17\/Treg immune balance","volume":"47","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14010025","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of melatonin in secondary traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Sieminski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1407472","article-title":"Suckling in litters with different sizes, and early and late swimming exercise differentially modulates anxiety-like behavior, memory and electrocorticogram potentiation after spreading depression in rats","volume":"22","author":"Silva-Gondim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67887-w","article-title":"Moderate aerobic training counterbalances the deleterious effect of undernutrition on oxidative balance and mitochondrial markers","volume":"14","author":"Sousa-Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.09.002","article-title":"Forced treadmill exercise can induce stress and increase neuronal damage in a mouse model of global cerebral ischemia","volume":"5","author":"Svensson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)00184-9","article-title":"Neuroprotective mechanisms of exercise and the importance of fitness for healthy brain ageing","volume":"405","author":"Tari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.05.037","article-title":"Effects of long-term moderate intensity exercise on cognitive behaviors and cholinergic forebrain in the aging rat","volume":"411","author":"T\u00e9gl\u00e1s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122733","article-title":"10 weeks low intensity treadmill exercise intervention ameliorates motor deficits and sustains muscle mass via decreasing oxidative damage and increasing mitochondria function in a rat model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"350","author":"Tung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21817","article-title":"Mechanisms of neuronal cell death in ischemic stroke and their therapeutic implications","volume":"42","author":"Tuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicinal Res. Ver."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2023.2166415","article-title":"Maternal voluntary physical exercise in the adult rat: evidence of exercise-associated differences in maternal food intake, and in brain effects on the progeny","volume":"27","author":"Vitor-de-Lima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1398301","article-title":"Monosodium glutamate and treadmill exercise: anxiety-like behavior and spreading depression features in young adult rats","volume":"22","author":"Vitor-de-Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106354","article-title":"Revisiting the effects of exercise on cerebral neurovascular functions in rats using multimodal assessment techniques","volume":"26","author":"Yen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114868","article-title":"Melatonin improves stroke by inhibiting autophagy-dependent ferroptosis mediated by NCOA4 binding to FTH1","volume":"379","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114243","article-title":"Running exercise improves spatial learning and memory ability and enhances angiogenesis in the cerebral cortex via endogenous nitric oxide","volume":"439","author":"Zang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202011_23872","article-title":"Melatonin reduces OGD\/R-induced neuron injury by regulating redox\/inflammation\/apoptosis signaling","volume":"24","author":"Zhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1740062\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:55:29Z","timestamp":1770360929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1740062\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1740062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1740062","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"article-number":"1740062"}}