{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:26:37Z","timestamp":1770143197506,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS104200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS104200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Peripheral and spinal prolactin (PRL) receptor (PRLR) signaling contributes to the female-selective regulation of pain. This study investigated the relative roles of pituitary-derived PRL (PRL\n                    <jats:sub>pit<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and extra-pituitary PRL (PRL\n                    <jats:sub>ext<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in these effects. Using STAT5 phosphorylation (pSTAT5) as a surrogate marker of PRL-responsive cells, we found that hindpaw incision-induced pSTAT5 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons depends primarily on PRL\n                    <jats:sub>ext<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed incision-triggered induction of PRL\n                    <jats:sub>ext<\/jats:sub>\n                    in rodent female myelinated peripheral nerves, the epidermis, medium-to-large DRG neurons, and a subset of spinal astrocytes, some of which co-expressed the glial glutamate transporter GLAST. PRL\n                    <jats:sub>pit<\/jats:sub>\n                    plays critical role in activation of PRLR during stress-induced pain conditions. However, blockade of PRL\n                    <jats:sub>pit<\/jats:sub>\n                    by hypophysectomy or bromocriptine did not substantially alter incision- or IL-6\u2013induced heat or mechanical hypersensitivity. In contrast, the PRLR antagonist \u03941\u20139-G129R-hPRL (\u0394PRL) reduced pSTAT5 in DRG neurons and reversed postoperative hypersensitivity in females. Postnatal ablation of GLAST\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells in GLAST\n                    <jats:sup>cre\u2212ER\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/DTA\n                    <jats:sup>fl\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice attenuated incision-induced hypersensitivity in females but not in males, and \u0394PRL had no additional effect in these mice, indicating that spinal GLAST\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    astrocytes are a major source of pain-promoting PRL\n                    <jats:sub>ext<\/jats:sub>\n                    in female rodents. These results demonstrate that extra-pituitary PRL, particularly from spinal GLAST\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    astrocytes, is a key contributor to female-selective regulation of postoperative and inflammatory pain.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1741102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T06:30:24Z","timestamp":1770100224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spinal glial cell derived extra-pituitary prolactin contributes to postoperative pain in females"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mayur J.","family":"Patil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, TX, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University South Florida (USF)","place":["Tampa, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergei","family":"Belugin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anahit H.","family":"Hovhannisyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscilla A.","family":"Barba-Escobedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Mecklenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Goffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U1151\/CNRS UMR8253, Universit\u00e9 de Paris","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Dussor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas","place":["Richardson, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodore J.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas","place":["Richardson, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armen N.","family":"Akopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, TX, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23150","article-title":"Neuregulin-1 positively modulates glial response and improves neurological recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"65","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(76)90030-1","article-title":"Effect of hypophysectomy on estrogen conjugation and on plasma and tissue concentrations of tritium after administration of 3H-estradiol-17beta","volume":"28","author":"Anderson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.07.039","article-title":"Astroglia-specific contributions to the regulation of synapses, cognition and behavior","volume":"118","author":"Augusto-Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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