{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:50:15Z","timestamp":1791222615248,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) formation requires prominent dopamine oscillations over hours, across years of treatment. Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CIN) have been implicated in both the facilitation and attenuation of LID, but how CIN sense and respond to striatal dopamine levels in this context remains incompletely understood. CIN express both the inhibitory, G\u03b1\n                      <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      -coupled dopamine D2 receptor and the facilitatory, G\u03b1\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      -coupled dopamine D5 receptor. Although systemic ablation of D5 exacerbates LID, the contribution of CIN-specific D2 expression to LID has not been studied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We generated mice with conditional ablation of D2 from choline acetyltransferase-expressing cells (D2\n                      <jats:sub>ChAT<\/jats:sub>\n                      KO) and subjected them to unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions followed by chronic L-DOPA dosing. We assessed dyskinetic behaviors across escalating L-DOPA doses and performed postmortem analyses of LID-associated signaling markers in dorsal striatal CIN. Specifically, we quantified p-ERK expression and phosphorylated rpS6\n                      <jats:sup>240\/244<\/jats:sup>\n                      , a marker of translational activity, in CIN from mice examined in the L-DOPA ON and OFF states.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      D2\n                      <jats:sub>ChAT<\/jats:sub>\n                      KO mice exhibited attenuated LID across escalating L-DOPA doses. Postmortem analyses suggested reduced expression of the LID-associated marker p-ERK among CIN of the dorsal striatum. In control mice, L-DOPA increased phosphorylated rpS6\n                      <jats:sup>240\/244<\/jats:sup>\n                      in a subset of CIN located in the dorsolateral striatum, indicating increased translational activity during the L-DOPA ON state. Ablation of D2 from CIN prevented this L-DOPA-associated increase in CIN phosphorylated rpS6\n                      <jats:sup>240\/244<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, these findings indicate that D2 signaling in CIN promotes LID formation and suggest that CIN D2 is a potential molecular target for mitigating dyskinesias while preserving the therapeutic efficacy of L-DOPA. These results are discussed in the context of recently refined models of how CIN may contribute to aberrant plasticity in the basal ganglia of the Parkinsonian mouse brain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1779861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:29:48Z","timestamp":1778560188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dopamine 2 receptor ablation from cholinergic neurons attenuates L-DOPA induced dyskinesias"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Santiago","family":"Uribe-Cano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, City University of New York","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"Neuroscience Collaborative, City University of New York Graduate Center","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Malave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas H.","family":"Kottmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, City University of New York","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"Neuroscience Collaborative, City University of New York Graduate Center","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Subprogram, City University of New York Graduate Center","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X","article-title":"The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders","volume":"12","author":"Albin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8023166","article-title":"Effect of the nigrostriatal dopamine system on acquired neural responses in the striatum of behaving monkeys","volume":"265","author":"Aosaki","year":"","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3969","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-06-03969.1994","article-title":"Responses of tonically active neurons in the primate's striatum undergo systematic changes during behavioral sensorimotor conditioning","volume":"14","author":"Aosaki","year":"","journal-title":"J. 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