{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:28:47Z","timestamp":1781612927569,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previously reported Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) subtyping schemes often show limited stability and cross-cohort generalizability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To derive data-driven oculomotor subtypes in PD using multi-task eye-movement assessment and to characterize their cerebral glucose metabolic patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We administered a non-invasive multi-task eye-movement battery to 122 patients with PD and 69 healthy controls. Multidimensional oculomotor features were analyzed using unsupervised k-means clustering to identify PD subtypes. In a PD subset undergoing\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 30), regional cerebral glucose metabolism was quantified to compare metabolic profiles between subtypes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clustering identified two PD subtypes: an oculomotor-efficient subtype (PD-E) and an oculomotor-inefficient subtype (PD-I). The subtypes differed across multiple oculomotor parameters, with antisaccade (AS) metrics showing the most prominent divergence. Compared with PD-I, PD-E showed higher FDG uptake in frontotemporal cortices. Metabolic differences were directionally concordant with groupwise patterns in cognitive measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrating eye-movement digital phenotypes with FDG-PET metabolism may provide complementary information for cognitive-domain profiling and assessment in PD. Longitudinal studies and independent cohort validation are needed to confirm stability and clinical translatability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1794652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:52:47Z","timestamp":1773211967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multimodal data-driven eye-movement subtypes and their cerebral glucose metabolic patterns in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Baoan People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Medicine, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Medicine, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Medicine, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Medicine, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huahui","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Medicine, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xucheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangcheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Medicine, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35","article-title":"Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. 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