{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:08:36Z","timestamp":1791065316204,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), neurovascular unit and blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) abnormalities are assessed using biologically distinct readouts, often across separate cohorts, complicating interpretation across clinical stages and biomarker domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We searched major databases (inception to February 7, 2026) for human observational studies quantifying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor-\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (sPDGFR\u03b2), dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI)\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup>\n                      , or the CSF\/serum albumin quotient (QAlb) in cognitively normal (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD dementia groups. Primary contrasts were MCI versus CN, AD dementia versus CN, and AD dementia versus MCI. Outcomes were analyzed separately using standardized mean differences (SMDs) in random-effects models with restricted maximum-likelihood estimation and Hartung\u2013Knapp adjustment. Sensitivity analyses incorporated amyloid\/AT (N)-informed biologic anchoring and evidence-tier restrictions where possible.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 24 cross-sectional studies (3,644 participants). Compared to CN, MCI showed higher CSF sPDGFR\u03b2 (SMD 0.38, 95% CI 0.03\u20130.73) and DCE-MRI\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup>\n                      (SMD 0.91, 95% CI 0.09\u20131.73; highly heterogeneous and based on five studies), whereas the difference for QAlb was smaller (SMD 0.19, 95% CI 0.01\u20130.37). Stricter etiologic restriction weakened the robustness of MCI-stage estimates, particularly for early AD-specific inferences in cohorts without consistent biomarker confirmation. Tier 1-only pooling was not feasible because biomarker-confirmed MCI-stage evidence was sparse. AD dementia versus CN comparisons showed higher values across all readouts: CSF sPDGFR\u03b2 (SMD 0.43, 95% CI 0.12\u20130.73),\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup>\n                      (SMD 0.90, 95% CI 0.56\u20131.25; based on four studies), and QAlb (SMD 0.28, 95% CI 0.10\u20130.45). AD dementia versus MCI comparisons showed no significant pooled differences for CSF sPDGFR\u03b2 or QAlb;\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup>\n                      pooling was precluded by insufficient data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pericyte- and BBB-related readouts showed readout-specific, cross-sectional detectability patterns across the AD clinical continuum.\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup>\n                      findings should be considered preliminary because of the small evidence base, and MCI-stage estimates remain limited by etiologic uncertainty. Overall, CSF sPDGFR\u03b2, DCE-MRI\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and QAlb appear related but non-interchangeable, and the present cross-sectional evidence should not be interpreted as demonstrating temporal priority, within-person progression, or head-to-head biomarker superiority.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>PROSPERO<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , CRD420251142518.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1870764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T05:40:04Z","timestamp":1785390004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential detectability of pericyte and blood\u2013brain barrier readouts across the Alzheimer\u2019s disease clinical continuum: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wenchuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Encephalopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Encephalopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Encephalopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqi","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Encephalopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Encephalopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. 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