{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:07:44Z","timestamp":1788934064584,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Inhibition in central auditory pathways declines in old age, which contributes to age-related auditory processing deficits. In auditory cortex, most inhibitory interneurons can be identified by one of three marker proteins: parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). About 10% of interneurons contain the \u03b12 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (\u03b12 cells), and most of these are layer 5 Martinotti cells (\u03b12-MCs). We examined the distribution of these four interneuron subtypes in auditory cortex of FVB mice, from young adult through old age, and the extent to which \u03b12 cells express the marker proteins. We also examined the effects of chronic nicotine exposure (CNE) at older ages, as a step toward potential therapeutic applications. We found that the numbers of cells expressing PV, SOM and VIP, and \u03b12-MCs, all declined with age, but total \u03b12 cells did not. We also found that most (86%) \u03b12 cells in young adult mice co-expressed SOM, but the co-expression declined sharply with age. Notably, CNE for three months\u2014starting at age 9, 15, or 21 months\u2014increased the numbers of cells with PV and VIP at 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively, to levels seen in young adults. CNE increased SOM interneurons only at 12 months and had no effect on the number of \u03b12 cells. An analysis of immunofluorescence intensity in 12-month-old mice suggested that the increase in cell counts after CNE resulted from increased expression of marker protein, rather than\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    appearance of interneurons. Thus, CNE partly or fully reversed the age-related decline of interneuron-marker expression and may prove useful for treatment of age-related auditory processing deficits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1876409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:59:17Z","timestamp":1788933557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic nicotine reverses age-related decline of interneuron markers in mouse auditory cortex"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Irakli","family":"Intskirveli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Hearing Research, University of California, Irvine","place":["Irvine, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronit","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Hearing Research, University of California, Irvine","place":["Irvine, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianna","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Hearing Research, University of California, Irvine","place":["Irvine, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raju","family":"Metherate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Hearing Research, University of California, Irvine","place":["Irvine, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.11.037","article-title":"Mouse auditory cortex differs from visual and somatosensory cortices in the laminar distribution of cytochrome oxidase and acetylcholinesterase.","volume":"1252","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-09-03069.1990","article-title":"Effects of aging on nicotinic and muscarinic autoreceptor function in the rat brain: relationship to presynaptic cholinergic markers and binding sites.","volume":"10","author":"Araujo","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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