{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T06:15:56Z","timestamp":1788156956503,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There has been some evidence that neuroinflammation is involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) and in psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the effects of IL-1\u03b2 rs16944 on PD patients' neuropsychiatric symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two hundred and eighty-one consecutive PD patients underwent a neurological and neuropsychological evaluations, which included: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living scale, Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease\u2014Anytime Short, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Dementia Rating Scale-2. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was also applied to patients' caregivers\/informants. In addition to IL-1\u03b2 rs16944, DRD3 rs6280 and GRIN2B rs7301328 were also genotyped. Non-parametric group comparisons and linear and logistic regressions were used for data analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The IL-1\u03b2 rs16944 (specifically TT vs. CC) genotype was associated with increased frequency of impulse-control behaviors and disorders (ICBDs) and impulse control disorders (ICDs; OR = 3.54,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004 and OR = 3.63,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006, respectively) and with more NPI reports of hallucinations (OR = 3.92,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.014) and more neuropsychiatric symptoms (\u00df = 0.73,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.019). The rs16944 T allele was related to more NPI reports of hallucinations (OR = 2.31,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032) and agitation\/aggression (OR = 2.02,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.039).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study findings suggest that a polymorphism previously associated with increased IL-1\u03b2 expression may increase the risk of certain neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1877657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:41:23Z","timestamp":1788154883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammation and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a genetic association"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alexandra Ribeiro","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychology Service, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Santo Ant\u00f3nio","place":["Porto, Portugal"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Santo Ant\u00f3nio","place":["Porto, Portugal"]},{"name":"Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]},{"name":"ITR\u2014Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population 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