{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T06:03:45Z","timestamp":1784527425039,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction affects 80\u201390% of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients. The amygdala, a key olfactory node, comprises functionally distinct subregions. We investigated volumetric changes in nine amygdala subregions across PD stages and their relationship with olfactory function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, 65 PD patients (40 early stage, Hoehn-Yahr 1.0\u20132.5; 25 late- stage, 3.0\u20135.0) and 45 healthy controls underwent high-resolution 3D-T1WI MRI. Automated segmentation quantified bilateral volumes of nine amygdala subregions. Olfactory function was assessed using Sniffin\u2019 Sticks (threshold, discrimination, identification, TDI score). Cognitive function was evaluated by MMSE. Statistical analyses included ANCOVA\/GLM with Bonferroni correction and Spearman partial correlation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PD patients exhibited significant volume reductions in bilateral cortical nucleus (Co), accessory basal nucleus (AB), cortico-amygdaloid transition area (CAT), and right anterior amygdaloid area (AAA) versus controls (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Bilateral Co and right AAA were already reduced in early stage PD. Controlling for age, sex, education, and intracranial volume, amygdala subregion volumes showed no statistically significant correlations with olfactory scores, though right AAA volume weakly correlated with threshold (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.27) and TDI total score (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.24) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05). Additionally, the volume of the left medial subdivision (Me) of the amygdala showed a significant positive correlation with MMSE scores (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.29,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.026).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PD involves subregion-selective amygdala atrophy, with Co and AAA affected early, followed by AB and CAT, exhibiting a right-lateralized pattern. The weak correlation between right AAA volume and olfactory function suggests a specific role in PD-related olfactory dysfunction, providing novel insights into its structural basis. Additionally, left Me volume correlated with MMSE independent of stage, implying a structural biomarker for cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1879832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:35:33Z","timestamp":1784525733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amygdala subregion MRI alterations in Parkinson\u2019s disease correlate with olfactory function"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Huandi","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou","place":["Sichuan, China"]},{"name":"Precision Imaging and Intelligent Analysis Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianhang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yankai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co, Ltd.","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuyi","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co, Ltd.","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuojun","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-022-09887-y","article-title":"Shrinkage of olfactory amygdala connotes cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"17","author":"Ay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn. 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