{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T00:53:02Z","timestamp":1794271982687,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic psychological stress is increasingly recognized as a silent risk factor of long-term brain vulnerability and a potential modifier of neurodegenerative disease trajectories. The persistent activation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis and the consequent dysregulation of cortisol exert extensive influences on neural, immune, and metabolic pathways linked to cognitive decline and dementia. This review synthesizes current mechanistic and clinical evidence concerning the effects of chronic stress-induced HPA-axis dysfunction on neurodegenerative susceptibility and Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk. A structured narrative synthesis was conducted using literature from PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, integrating multidisciplinary evidence from established biological and mechanistic domains. Present evidence suggests that prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids is associated with structural and functional alterations in the brain, including hippocampal atrophy, prefrontal cortical dysfunction, reduced synaptic plasticity, and increased amygdala activity. Chronic dysregulation of cortisol may result in neuroinflammation, disruption of the blood\u2013brain barrier, induce mitochondrial dysfunction, and impair neuronal integrity. These interconnected mechanisms contribute to amyloid accumulation, tau pathology, and the progressive decline of neural resilience. Rather than serving as the root cause, chronic psychological stress can increase the likelihood of neurodegeneration by triggering complex interactions between the neuroendocrine and neuroimmune systems that accelerate the already existing pathological pathways toward neurodegeneration. Recognizing chronic stress as a potentially modifiable biological risk factor may improve early risk stratification and identification of HPA-axis dysregulation, ultimately driving preventive strategies targeting stress-related neurobiological pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1883880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T04:25:03Z","timestamp":1782966303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chronic stress, cortisol dysregulation, and neurodegenerative vulnerability: mechanistic pathways linking HPA-axis dysfunction to Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Danah F.","family":"Almalki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawiyah A.","family":"Alkabkabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghad A.","family":"Wayyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman S.","family":"Alharthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala A.","family":"Aljuhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razan M.","family":"Mahyub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadeel S.","family":"Bakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afnan M.","family":"Alomani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine Practice Program, Batterjee Medical College","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouf N.","family":"Almhmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahases A.","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Tawakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680116","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1680116","article-title":"Sex-specific effect of cortisol on cerebral glucose metabolism across Alzheimer's disease spectrum: a neuroimaging study","volume":"17","author":"Alqarni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2648","article-title":"Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function","volume":"10","author":"Arnsten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115015","article-title":"Neuroinflammation to neurodegeneration: boulevard of broken nerves","volume":"161","author":"Attiq","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA - a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer Rev."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281338","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1281338","article-title":"Proteostasis and neurodegeneration: a closer look at autophagy in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Barmaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2024.08.015","article-title":"The multiple roles of chronic stress and glucocorticoids in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"47","author":"Burke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102821","article-title":"Glucocorticoid enhances presenilin1-dependent a\u03b2 production at ER\u2019S mitochondrial-associated membrane by downregulating Rer1 in neuronal cells","volume":"65","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021126","article-title":"Adrenal dysfunction in mitochondrial diseases","volume":"24","author":"Corkery-Hayward","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.12.2164","article-title":"Plasma cortisol and progression of dementia in subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia","volume":"163","author":"Csernansky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.02.031","article-title":"Chronic stress-induced cellular changes in the medial prefrontal cortex and their potential clinical implications: does hemisphere location matter?","volume":"190","author":"Cz\u00e9h","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8517-0","article-title":"Effects of stress on immune function: the good, the bad, and the beautiful","volume":"58","author":"Dhabhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqad149","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqad149","article-title":"The neuroendocrine impact of acute stress on synaptic plasticity","volume":"164","author":"dos-Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003537","article-title":"Long-term cortisol measures predict Alzheimer disease risk","volume":"88","author":"Ennis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.6.2001","article-title":"Presymptomatic hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a longitudinal MRI study","volume":"119","author":"Fox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.07.004","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease","volume":"85","author":"Girotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9047","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2797-06.2006","article-title":"Glucocorticoids increase amyloid-\u03b2 and tau pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9994","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26209994","article-title":"Chronic stress and autoimmunity: the role of HPA axis and cortisol dysregulation","volume":"26","author":"Gutierrez Nunez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150015","article-title":"Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical stress response","volume":"6","author":"Herman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.7.1397","article-title":"Prediction of AD with MRI-based hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"52","author":"Jack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.07.003","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in health and disease","volume":"34","author":"Kadmiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn849","article-title":"The stressed hippocampus, synaptic plasticity and lost memories","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43884-3","article-title":"Association between stress-related disorders and the risk of dementia using the Korean National Sample Cohort: a matched cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232726","article-title":"The role of cortisol in chronic stress, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychological disorders","volume":"12","author":"Knezevic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the lancet standing commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a021303","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021303","article-title":"Regulation of adult neurogenesis and plasticity by (early) stress, glucocorticoids, and inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Lucassen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/271","article-title":"Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits","volume":"1","author":"Lupien","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.03.004","article-title":"ApoE cascade hypothesis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias","volume":"110","author":"Martens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-024-01393-w","article-title":"Stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and aggression","volume":"39","author":"Mbiydzenyuy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801153380307","article-title":"Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators","volume":"338","author":"McEwen","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2006","article-title":"Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain","volume":"87","author":"McEwen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410180039004","article-title":"Stress and the individual: mechanisms leading to disease","volume":"153","author":"McEwen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.03.2101","article-title":"Chronic stress increases prefrontal inhibition: a mechanism for stress-induced prefrontal dysfunction","volume":"80","author":"McKlveen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12750","article-title":"Chronic stress and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the interplay between the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis, genetics and microglia","volume":"96","author":"Milligan Armstrong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2016.01.156","article-title":"The relationship between cortisol and the hippocampal volume in depressed patients \u2013 a MRI pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Moica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Technol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56071-9","article-title":"Sex-specific associations of serum cortisol with brain biomarkers of Alzheimer's risk","volume":"14","author":"Mosconi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.12.003","article-title":"Glucocorticoid actions on synapses, circuits, and behavior: implications for the energetics of stress","volume":"35","author":"Myers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6521","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126521","article-title":"Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in the pathogenesis and treatment of neurodevelopmental and adult mental disorders","volume":"25","author":"Nicosia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1432.032","article-title":"Defining \u201cneuroinflammation\u201d: lessons from MPTP- and methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"1139","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e601","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006875","article-title":"Associations between tau, a\u03b2, and cortical thickness with cognition in Alzheimer disease","volume":"92","author":"Ossenkoppele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01139-9","article-title":"Persisting neuropsychiatric symptoms, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and cerebrospinal fluid cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate","volume":"14","author":"Ouanes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.5.530","article-title":"Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis","volume":"63","author":"Ownby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.08.009","article-title":"Cytokine-effects on glucocorticoid receptor function: relevance to glucocorticoid resistance and the pathophysiology and treatment of major depression","volume":"21","author":"Pace","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.3.581","article-title":"Memory and MRI-based hippocampal volumes in aging and AD","volume":"54","author":"Petersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000544","article-title":"Psychological stress and mitochondria: a conceptual framework","volume":"80","author":"Picard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081628","article-title":"Roles of oxidative stress in synaptic dysfunction and neuronal cell death in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Plascencia-Villa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.4\/cepperson","article-title":"Considering sex and gender in Alzheimer disease and other dementias","volume":"18","author":"Podcasy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi104","article-title":"Repeated stress induces dendritic spine loss in the rat medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"16","author":"Radley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2651","article-title":"Stress, memory and the amygdala","volume":"10","author":"Roozendaal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70179","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70179","article-title":"Elevated serum cortisol associated with early-detected increase of brain amyloid deposition in Alzheimer\u2019s disease imaging biomarkers among menopausal women: the Framingham heart study","volume":"21","author":"Salardini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25143-z","article-title":"Investigating longitudinal associations of hair cortisol and cortisone with cognitive functioning and dementia","volume":"12","author":"Santoso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.0117","article-title":"Association of stress-related disorders with subsequent neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"77","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.10.010","article-title":"Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: expert consensus guidelines","volume":"63","author":"Stalder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15091252","article-title":"Mitochondrial aging in the CNS: unravelling implications for neurological health and disease","volume":"15","author":"Steffan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.068.2009","article-title":"A review of adversity, the amygdala and the hippocampus: a consideration of developmental timing","volume":"3","author":"Tottenham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008729","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between diurnal cortisol variation and later-life cognitive impairment","volume":"94","author":"Tsui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12157","article-title":"Novel aspects of glucocorticoid actions","volume":"26","author":"Uchoa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.070","article-title":"Enhanced resting-state connectivity of amygdala in the immediate aftermath of acute psychological stress","volume":"53","author":"van Marle","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.08.003","article-title":"Prolonged behavioral stress enhances synaptic connectivity in the basolateral amygdala","volume":"143","author":"Vyas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6810","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06810.2002","article-title":"Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic Remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons","volume":"22","author":"Vyas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.019","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor protein expression in human hippocampus; stability with age","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12463","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12463","article-title":"The effect of plasma cortisol on hippocampal atrophy and clinical progression in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"15","author":"White","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.003","article-title":"Plasma cortisol is associated with cerebral hypometabolism across the Alzheimer\u2019s disease spectrum","volume":"84","author":"Wirth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref63","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/387497a0","article-title":"Behavioural stress facilitates the induction of long-term depression in the hippocampus","volume":"387","author":"Xu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.61","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among US veterans","volume":"67","author":"Yaffe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047778","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1047778","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier endothelial cells in neurodegenerative diseases: signals from the \u201cbarrier\u201d","volume":"17","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890802234168","article-title":"Modulation of in vivo oxidative status by exogenous corticosterone and restraint stress in rats","volume":"12","author":"Zafir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101171","article-title":"Cortisol hypersecretion and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1883880\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T04:25:04Z","timestamp":1782966304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1883880\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1883880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1883880","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"article-number":"1883880"}}