{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:01:49Z","timestamp":1785132109780,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As a personality trait associated with emotional instability and negative emotional tendencies, neuroticism is considered to be closely related to the risk of cognitive decline in old age. However, the neurodynamic abnormalities associated with elevated neuroticism among individuals with MCI remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive screening based in the community was performed in Zhumadian, Henan Province, and Xingtai, Hebei Province, China. Based on converted scores on the Neuroticism subscale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, individuals with MCI were categorized into high-neuroticism MCI (HN-MCI) and non-elevated neuroticism MCI (NEN-MCI) groups. After EEG recruitment, behavioral-task completion, EEG quality control, and frequency matching by sex, age, and years of education, 53 participants with HN-MCI and 53 with NEN-MCI were included. All participants engaged in a modified visuospatial working memory test during the recording of 64-channel EEG data. Behavioral measures, event-related potentials, time-frequency power, phase-amplitude coupling, and dwPLI-based functional connectivity features were extracted. A stacking ensemble learning model integrated with SHAP-based interpretability analysis was employed for multimodal feature fusion and classification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In comparison to the NEN-MCI group, the HN-MCI group exhibited lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) total and visuospatial\/executive scores, prolonged reaction times, and elevated inverse efficiency scores. EEG analyses indicated increased P2 and P3 amplitudes, reduced N2 amplitude, increased theta activity, enhanced theta-to-low-alpha phase-amplitude coupling, and reinforced theta-band functional connectivity in the HN-MCI group. The stacking model differentiated the two groups with an AUC of 0.858, and permutation testing indicated that model performance was significantly above chance (permutation\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). SHAP analysis identified parietal P3 amplitude as the most influential feature.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with HN-MCI exhibit multilevel neurodynamic abnormalities across temporal, spectral, cross-frequency, and network domains during visuospatial working memory processing, accompanied by impaired visuospatial\/executive function and reduced behavioral efficiency. Neuroticism-related emotional traits may contribute to a sustained high-load and low-efficiency neural processing pattern in individuals with MCI. Multimodal EEG combined with explainable machine learning provides a useful framework for characterizing personality-related neurodynamic heterogeneity in MCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1889176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:41:00Z","timestamp":1785130860000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimodal EEG and explainable machine learning characterize neuroticism-related neurodynamic heterogeneity in mild cognitive impairment during visuospatial working memory"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wang","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Jing) School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Henan Province Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Ziwei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Henan Province Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Research and Experimental Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Jing) School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Henan Province Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hou","family":"Junlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Henan Province Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Basic Teaching for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Jing) School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhongpeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Jing) School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Henan Province Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, 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Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine)","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Jubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Henan Province Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Jing) School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Peiling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Henan Province Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Jing) School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan","family":"Xianghong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Chinese and Western Integrative Prevention and Treatment of Brain Cognitive Disease","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Henan Province Engineering Technology 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