{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:52:24Z","timestamp":1785909144581,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in children worldwide but has long been regarded only as a risk factor for bone health. Emerging evidence indicates that vitamin D profoundly influences child brain development by regulating neuroimmune responses and synaptic plasticity, forming a \u201cneuroimmune\u2013synaptic plasticity axis.\u201d Deficiency is significantly associated with the risk of multiple pediatric neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), epilepsy, and attention-deficit \/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This axis exerts irreversible regulatory effects during critical developmental windows from gestation to the preschool period, representing a core causal pathway linking vitamin D deficiency to neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the clinical benefits of vitamin D supplementation are highly heterogeneous, necessitating a move beyond the \u201cone-size-fits-all\u201d paradigm. This review systematically integrates causal mechanisms, molecular pathways, disease-specific associations, and clinical evidence, proposing the \u201cneuroimmune\u2013synaptic plasticity axis\u201d as a central hypothesis. We critically analyze the mechanisms of vitamin D during key neurodevelopmental periods and evaluate sources of heterogeneity in existing clinical trials, including dosage, timing, VDR genotype, and co-nutrients. Finally, we propose a research roadmap for individualized supplementation strategies based on developmental stage, biomarkers, and VDR genotype, aiming to transition vitamin D use from empirical to precision intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1895712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:39:47Z","timestamp":1785908387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin D neuroimmune synaptic plasticity and precision intervention in pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Ganzhou People\u2019s Hospital)","place":["Ganzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Zunyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zunyi","place":["Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi","place":["Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Ganzhou People\u2019s Hospital)","place":["Ganzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Zunyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zunyi","place":["Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi","place":["Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, Guizhou Nursing Vocational College, Guiyang","place":["Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-ying","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Zunyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zunyi","place":["Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuhua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Ganzhou People\u2019s Hospital)","place":["Ganzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2025.107133","article-title":"Dual role of microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"216","author":"Ajoolabady","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurobiol. 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