{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T05:46:09Z","timestamp":1785735969788,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity and depression frequently co-occur in older adults and share pathways potentially relevant to glaucoma, yet their dynamic co-evolution and joint contribution to glaucoma risk remain poorly characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to identify joint longitudinal trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and depressive symptoms and evaluate their association with incident glaucoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 6,154 participants from the Health and Retirement Study (2000\u20132016) in the United States, we applied group-based multi-trajectory modeling to jointly classify BMI and CESD-8 trajectories over nine waves. Incident glaucoma was self-reported. Cox models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over a median follow-up of 12.0\u202fyears (interquartile range 8.0\u201316.0), 234 participants (3.8%) developed incident glaucoma. Four distinct joint trajectories were identified: Normal weight\u2013Low Depression (23.5%, reference), Overweight\u2013Low Depression (25.3%), Normal weight\u2013High Depression (31.9%), and Obese\u2013Moderate Depression (19.3%). Crude incidence rates per 1,000 person-years ranged from 1.92 (95% CI 1.31\u20132.71) in the reference group to 4.82 (95% CI 3.75\u20136.11) in the obese\u2013moderate depression group (log-rank\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). In the fully adjusted model, compared with the reference trajectory, participants in the Overweight\u2013Low Depression (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.04\u20132.49), Normal weight\u2013High Depression (HR 1.82, 95% CI 1.19\u20132.78), and obese\u2013moderate depression (HR 2.52, 95% CI 1.61\u20133.93) groups had significantly increased glaucoma risk (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend &amp;lt; 0.001). These associations remained consistent across subgroups and sensitivity analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adverse joint trajectories of elevated BMI and depressive symptoms are independently and dose-dependently associated with higher glaucoma risk, supporting integrated monitoring of metabolic and psychological health in glaucoma prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1910500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T05:31:45Z","timestamp":1785735105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Joint trajectories of obesity and depressive symptoms and risk of incident glaucoma: a 16-year prospective cohort study from the Health and Retirement Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"XiaoDan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jianyang Chinese Medicine Hospital","place":["Jianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuju","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital","place":["Tangshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingtao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jianyang Chinese Medicine Hospital","place":["Jianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jianyang Chinese Medicine Hospital","place":["Jianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Teaching Center of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Target Discovery and Protein Drug Development in Major Diseases at Chengdu Medical College of Sichuan Province","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Irradiation Preservation and Effect Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.11.25","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction and blood pressure in glaucoma patients: the lifelines cohort study","volume":"61","author":"Asefa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest. 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