{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:55:11Z","timestamp":1790751311449,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Motor reserve has been phenomenologically defined as the capacity to maintain motor performance despite aging-related or disease-related changes, but its objective kinematic basis remains insufficiently characterized. We operationalized motor reserve using measures from a sensor-equipped glove and tested whether they capture inter-individual differences beyond chronological aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We enrolled 100 healthy adults (50 older and 50 younger) with a deliberately bimodal age distribution contrasting a young baseline with an older sample of interest. The glove recorded finger-level contact events during four tapping tasks (self-paced, maximum-velocity, synchronization to a 2-Hz metronome, and continuation after metronome withdrawal), each performed under right-hand, left-hand, and bilateral conditions. Motor reserve was assessed with the Motor Reserve Index questionnaire. Candidate kinematic indices were constructed to capture endogenous timing stability, externally paced velocity, bimanual coordination, touch-duration lateralization, and cross-context consistency (\n                      <jats:uri>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:uri>\n                      database n\u00b0 NCT07634055).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The central finding concerns which kinematic dimensions survive adjustment for chronological age. Aging affected a broad set of glove-derived parameters, most strongly under external pacing. After formal assessment of age confounding, three of the five candidate axes\u2014endogenous timing stability, touch-duration lateralization, and cross-context consistency\u2014retained an association with the Motor Reserve Index questionnaire (MRIq) independent of age, whereas externally paced velocity tracked age rather than reserve. A residual index (rMR) combining the three retained axes was associated with MRIq within the older group and predicted it out-of-sample (leave-one-out\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f+0.50;\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f+0.42 under nested cross-validation). Supporting analyses showed that the association was absent in the younger group, that the group-by-index interaction was significant, and that rMR was related to MRIq but not to cognitive reserve (CRIq) or to general neuropsychological performance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide initial evidence for a candidate kinematic index of motor reserve in healthy aging. Motor reserve was not reducible to global motor speed or chronological age but expressed as a multidimensional profile of timing stability, lateralized motor organization, and consistency across task contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1921302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:00:03Z","timestamp":1790748003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Behavioral markers of motor reserve: stability, lateralization, and consistency"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Vagni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Principe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Pugliese Ciaccio Hospital","place":["Catanzaro, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Pirrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","place":["Messina, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","place":["Messina, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Milasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioimaging and Complex Biological Systems (IBSBC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","place":["Catanzaro, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morena","family":"De Francesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioimaging and Complex Biological Systems (IBSBC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","place":["Catanzaro, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreina","family":"Giustiniani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","place":["Messina, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Arena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","place":["Messina, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Scarfone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioimaging and Complex Biological Systems (IBSBC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","place":["Catanzaro, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Quartarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","place":["Messina, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Pugliese Ciaccio Hospital","place":["Catanzaro, Italy"]},{"name":"Institute of Bioimaging and Complex Biological Systems (IBSBC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","place":["Catanzaro, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Pioggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","place":["Messina, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cerasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioimaging and Complex Biological Systems (IBSBC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","place":["Catanzaro, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref9001","volume-title":"Introducing Claude Opus 4.8","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-005-0443-4","article-title":"The frontal assessment battery (FAB): normative values in an Italian population sample","volume":"26","author":"Appollonio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurol. 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