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Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the reliability and validity of a combined 25-question geriatric locomotive function scale (GLFS-25) and Locomotion Dysfunction Grade scale (LDG) classification protocol in older adults with locomotor dysfunction, and explored which objective gait and muscle activation parameters were most strongly associated with GLFS-25 scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The GLFS-25 and LDG were used to assess 289 older adults with locomotor dysfunction, of whom 60 underwent gait analysis and surface electromyography (sEMG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 of 0.702 for the GLFS-25, indicating acceptable but modest internal consistency. Exploratory factor analysis extracted nine factors, accounting for 55.193% of the cumulative variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed X\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/df = 1.424, RMSEA = 0.038 (90% CI: 0.000\u20130.060), and SRMR = 0.055, indicating acceptable fit; however, CFI = 0.821, TLI = 0.801, and IFI = 0.830 were below 0.90, suggesting partial rather than strong construct validity. In exploratory ridge regression, the model showed an in-sample R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      of 0.858, which should be interpreted with caution. Step length showed a positive association with the GLFS-25 score, while knee flexion during swing and the ratio of pressure onset time of the middle foot showed negative associations (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). However, individual coefficients should be interpreted cautiously.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The GLFS-25 demonstrated acceptable but modest reliability and partial construct validity in this population. In exploratory analyses, its scores showed a strong in-sample association with objective gait and sEMG measures. These findings are hypothesis-generating and require external validation in independent cohorts. Objective measures remain complementary to, rather than substitutes for, subjective assessment. 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