{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:03:19Z","timestamp":1790823799338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neuroanat."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T04:16:39Z","timestamp":1505794599000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["The Neuroanatomy of the Reticular Nucleus Locus Coeruleus in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Filippo S.","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Ryskalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Ruffoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Biagioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Limanaqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Ferrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla L.","family":"Busceti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ubaldo","family":"Bonuccelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Fornai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"The Global Impact of Dementia: An Analysis of Prevalence, Incidence, Costs and Trends.","year":"2015"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12386","article-title":"Locus coeruleus at asymptomatic early and middle Braak stages of neurofibrillary tangle pathology","volume":"43","author":"Andr\u00e9s-Benito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.10.005","article-title":"Morphometric alterations of Golgi apparatus in Alzheimer\u2019s disease are related to tau hyperphosphorylation","volume":"97","author":"Ant\u00f3n-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.07.003","article-title":"Beta2-adrenergic receptor regulates cardiac fibroblast autophagy and collagen degradation","volume":"1812","author":"Ar\u00e1nguiz-Urroz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-72085-7","article-title":"The catecholaminergic innervation of the rat amygdala","volume":"142","author":"Asan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/s1389-9457(05)80002-4","article-title":"Brain structures and receptors involved in alertness","volume":"6","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511544156.008","article-title":"Locus coeruleus and regulation of behavioral flexibility and attention: clinical implications","volume-title":"Brain Norepinephrine\u2014Neurobiology and Therapeutics","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2007"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00274983","article-title":"The human locus coeruleus complex: an immunohistochemical and three-dimensional reconstruction study","volume":"77","author":"Baker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.2.164","article-title":"Loss of neurons of origin of the adrenergic projection to cerebral cortex (nucleus locus ceruleus) in senile dementia","volume":"32","author":"Bondareff","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10472","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1174-16.2016","article-title":"APOE-sensitive cholinergic sprouting compensates for hippocampal dysfunctions due to reduced entorhinal input","volume":"36","author":"Bott","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00308809","article-title":"Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes","volume":"82","author":"Braak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318232a379","article-title":"Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years","volume":"70","author":"Braak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.01.010","article-title":"Partial loss in septo-hippocampal cholinergic neurons alters memory-dependent measures of brain connectivity without overt memory deficits","volume":"54","author":"Brayda-Bruno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"416","article-title":"The reticular formation and some related nuclei. The nucleus locus coeruleus","volume-title":"Neurological Anatomy in Relation to Clinical Medicine","author":"Brodal","year":"1981"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.11.022","article-title":"Evidence for a specialized role of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system in cortical circuitries and behavioral operations","volume":"1641","author":"Chandler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902870308","article-title":"Alterations in catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in Parkinson\u2019s disease with and without dementia and depression","volume":"287","author":"Chan-Palay","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002892","article-title":"Tau PET in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"87","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5290.1211","article-title":"Neuronal gene expression in the waking state: a role for the locus coeruleus","volume":"274","author":"Cirelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9187","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-24-09187.2000","article-title":"Differential expression of plasticity-related genes in waking and sleep and their regulation by the noradrenergic system","volume":"20","author":"Cirelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06622.x","article-title":"Noradrenaline activation of neurotrophic pathways protects against neuronal amyloid toxicity","volume":"113","author":"Counts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374236-0.10012-4","article-title":"Locus coeruleus","volume-title":"The Human Nervous System","author":"Counts","year":"2012"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6338589","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation","volume":"219","author":"Coyle","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(93)90129-e","article-title":"Functional interactions of galanin and acetylcholine: relevance to memory and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Crawley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(96)00093-8","article-title":"Minireview. Galanin-acetylcholine interactions: relevance to memory and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"58","author":"Crawley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(76)91936-x","article-title":"Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Davies","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132637","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132637","article-title":"Caspase-cleaved tau co-localizes with early tangle markers in the human vascular dementia brain","volume":"10","author":"Day","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70090-0","article-title":"Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the IWG-2 criteria","volume":"13","author":"Dubois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409848102","article-title":"Remembering one year later: role of the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system in retrieving emotional memories","volume":"102","author":"Dolcos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2015.22","article-title":"Rediscovering area CA2: unique properties and functions","volume":"17","author":"Dudek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12387","article-title":"Quantifying the accretion of hyperphosphorylated tau in the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus: the pathological building blocks of early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Ehrenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901800308","article-title":"Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. II. Amygdala, suprarhinal cortex and entorhinal cortex","volume":"180","author":"Fallon","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98155","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098155","article-title":"\u03b2-Adrenergic agonist and antagonist regulation of autophagy in HepG2 cells, primary mouse hepatocytes and mouse liver","volume":"9","author":"Farah","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2016.12.010","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and brain volumetry in mild cognitive impairment. A prospective study","volume":"38","author":"Fayed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720200077","article-title":"Noradrenergic loss enhances MDMA toxicity and induces ubiquitin-positive striatal whorls","volume":"23","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2174\/157015913804999522","article-title":"The effects of locus coeruleus and norepinephrine in methamphetamine toxicity","volume":"11","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)13592-X","article-title":"Regulation of basic fibroblast growth factor and nerve growth factor mRNA by beta-adrenergic receptor activation and adrenal steroids in rat central nervous system","volume":"43","author":"Follesa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"521","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence for the involvement of the locus coeruleus in alerting, orienting and attending","volume-title":"Progress in Brain Research","author":"Foote","year":"1991"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511544156.016","article-title":"Norepinephrine in neurological disorders","volume-title":"Brain Norepinephrine\u2014Neurobiology and Therapeutics","author":"Fornai","year":"2007"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65020704.x","article-title":"Clonidine suppresses 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced reductions of striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in mice","volume":"65","author":"Fornai","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00313-a","article-title":"Norepinephrine loss exacerbates methamphetamine-induced striatal dopamine depletion in mice","volume":"283","author":"Fornai","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37011-9","article-title":"Effects of noradrenergic lesions on MPTP\/MPP+ kinetics and MPTP-induced nigrostriatal dopamine depletions","volume":"283","author":"Fornai","year":"","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"193","article-title":"Noradrenaline loss selectivity exacerbates nigrostriatal toxicity in different species of rodents","volume":"12","author":"Fornai","year":"","journal-title":"Funct. Neurol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08231.x","article-title":"Noradrenergic modulation of methamphetamine-induced striatal dopamine depletion","volume":"844","author":"Fornai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1006\/neur.1996.0032","article-title":"Region- and neurotransmitter-dependent species and strain differences in DSP-4-induced monoamine depletion in rodents","volume":"5","author":"Fornai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/s1043-6618(05)80046-5","article-title":"Central alpha-2 adrenoceptors regulate central and peripheral functions","volume":"22","author":"Fornai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707781745550","article-title":"Noradrenaline in Parkinson\u2019s disease: from disease progression to current therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Fornai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0720777.x","article-title":"Effects of pretreatment with N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) on methamphetamine pharmacokinetics and striatal dopamine losses","volume":"72","author":"Fornai","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07707.x","article-title":"The role of locus coeruleus in the antiepileptic activity induced by vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"33","author":"Fornai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.12.030","article-title":"Abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) following pulsatile dopaminergic stimulation: severe deterioration and morphological correlates following the loss of locus coeruleus neurons","volume":"1135","author":"Fulceri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00102","article-title":"The monoamine brainstem reticular formation as a paradigm for re-defining various phenotypes of Parkinson\u2019s disease owing genetic and anatomical specificity","volume":"11","author":"Gambardella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2012.06.002","article-title":"Coherence and frequency in the reticular activating system (RAS)","volume":"17","author":"Garcia-Rill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902790208","article-title":"Catecholamine innervation of the human cerebral cortex as revealed by comparative immunohistochemistry of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase","volume":"279","author":"Gaspar","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-05-01776.1988","article-title":"The human locus coeruleus: computer reconstruction of cellular distribution","volume":"8","author":"German","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90720-8","article-title":"The septo-hippocampal pathway in patients suffering from senile dementia of Alzheimer\u2019s type. Evidence for neuronal plasticity?","volume":"76","author":"Gertz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/s0149-7634(00)00028-2","article-title":"The role of the locus coeruleus in the development of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Gesi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.02.008","article-title":"Activation of brain metabolism and fos during limbic seizures: the role of locus coeruleus","volume":"30","author":"Giorgi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02692.x","article-title":"A damage to locus coeruleus neurons converts sporadic seizures into self-sustaining limbic status epilepticus","volume":"17","author":"Giorgi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00872.x","article-title":"Locus coeruleus and neuronal plasticity in a model of focal limbic epilepsy","volume":"47","author":"Giorgi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.06.008","article-title":"The role of norepinephrine in epilepsy: from the bench to the bedside","volume":"28","author":"Giorgi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255555","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1255555","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases: the prion concept in relation to assembled A\u03b2, tau, and \u03b1-synuclein","volume":"349","author":"Goedert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.007","article-title":"Locus coeruleus neurofibrillary degeneration in aging, mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Grudzien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1179\/174313208X353712","article-title":"Topographical and quantitative distribution of the projecting neurons to main divisions of the septal area","volume":"31","author":"Haghdoost-Yazdi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012547626-3\/50015-6","article-title":"Substantia nigra and locus Coeruleus","volume-title":"The Human Nervous System\u2014II Edition","author":"Halliday","year":"2004"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(87)90015-7","article-title":"A role for norepinephrine in arousal, emotion and learning?: limbic modulation by norepinephrine and the Kety hypothesis","volume":"11","author":"Harley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics","volume":"297","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6058","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909586107","article-title":"Locus coeruleus controls Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology by modulating microglial functions through norepinephrine","volume":"107","author":"Heneka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4236-05.2006","article-title":"Locus ceruleus degeneration promotes Alzheimer pathogenesis in amyloid precursor protein 23 transgenic mice","volume":"26","author":"Heneka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.08.075","article-title":"Gastrodia elata prevents huntingtin aggregations through activation of the adenosine A2A receptor and ubiquitin proteasome system","volume":"138","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.10.007","article-title":"National institute on aging-Alzheimer\u2019s association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Hyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1458-4","article-title":"Tau pathology spread in PS19 tau transgenic mice following locus Coeruleus (LC) injections of synthetic tau fibrils is determined by the LC\u2019s afferent and efferent connections","volume":"130","author":"Iba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70299-6","article-title":"Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer\u2019s pathological cascade","volume":"9","author":"Jack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.11.052","article-title":"Distinct adrenergic system changes and neuroinflammation in response to induced locus ceruleus degeneration in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice","volume":"176","author":"Jardanhazi-Kurutz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902420105","article-title":"The efferent projections from the reticular formation and the locus coeruleus studies by anterograde and retrograde axonal transport in the rat","volume":"242","author":"Jones","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.06.003","article-title":"Noradrenaline deficiency in brain increases beta-amyloid plaque burden in an animal model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Kalinin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0411-2","article-title":"Locus coeruleus cellular and molecular pathology during the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5772\/52804","article-title":"Amygdala in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume-title":"The Amygdala\u2014A Discrete Multitasking Manager","author":"Knafo","year":"2012"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10236","article-title":"Brainstem projections to midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei of the rat","volume":"448","author":"Krout","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150350","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0350","article-title":"Neuronal networks and mediators of cortical neurovascular coupling responses in normal and altered brain states","volume":"371","author":"Lecrux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90155-7","article-title":"Efferent projections of nucleus locus coeruleus: topographic organization of cells of origin demonstrated by three-dimensional reconstruction","volume":"18","author":"Loughlin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.45.2.113","article-title":"The noradrenergic system in Alzheimer and multi-infarct dementias","volume":"45","author":"Mann","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.2.201","article-title":"A comparison of changes in the nucleus basalis and locus caeruleus in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"47","author":"Mann","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.02.002","article-title":"Noradrenergic mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases: a theory","volume":"45","author":"Marien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.01.001","article-title":"The locus coeruleus: essential for maintaining cognitive function and the aging brain","volume":"20","author":"Mather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90017-5","article-title":"Galanin-like immunoreactivity in hippocampal afferents in the rat, with special reference to cholinergic and noradrenergic inputs","volume":"19","author":"Melander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B85","first-page":"293","article-title":"Complications of severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the course of dementia with Lewy bodies. A case report","volume":"48","author":"Mendel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23415","article-title":"Cholinergic circuitry of the human nucleus basalis and its fate in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"521","author":"Mesulam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902750205","article-title":"Nucleus basalis (Ch4) and cortical cholinergic innervation in the human brain: observations based on the distribution of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase","volume":"275","author":"Mesulam","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902140206","article-title":"Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (substantia innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey","volume":"214","author":"Mesulam","year":"","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(83)90108-2","article-title":"Central cholinergic pathways in the rat: an overview based on an alternative nomenclature (Ch1\u2013Ch6)","volume":"10","author":"Mesulam","year":"","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90163-5","article-title":"Atlas of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and upper brainstem of the macaque based on monoclonal choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry","volume":"12","author":"Mesulam","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91607-0","article-title":"Three-dimensional representation and cortical projection topography of the nucleus basalis (Ch4) in the macaque: concurrent demonstration of choline acetyltransferase and retrograde transport with a stabilized tetramethylbenzidine method for horseradish peroxidase","volume":"367","author":"Mesulam","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12229","article-title":"Spreading of tau pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease by cell-to-cell transmission","volume":"37","author":"Mohamed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn021","article-title":"The spatial attention network interacts with limbic and monoaminergic systems to modulate motivation-induced attention shifts","volume":"18","author":"Mohanty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0910-3","article-title":"National institute on aging-Alzheimer\u2019s association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a practical approach","volume":"123","author":"Montine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890150407","article-title":"Development of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-positive fiber innervation of the rat hippocampus","volume":"15","author":"Moudy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(81)90027-6","article-title":"Divergent projections of catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus as revealed by fluorescent retrograde double labeling technique","volume":"23","author":"Nagai","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw267","article-title":"Ambient glutamate promotes paroxysmal hyperactivity in cortical pyramidal neurons at amyloid plaques via presynaptic mGluR1 receptors","author":"Ovsepian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150921095924","article-title":"Noradrenergic system in down syndrome and Alzheimer\u2019s disease a target for therapy","volume":"13","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12162","article-title":"Reduced noradrenaline, but not dopamine and serotonin in motor thalamus of the MPTP primate: relation to severity of parkinsonism","volume":"125","author":"Pifl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25109","article-title":"Thalamic noradrenaline in Parkinson\u2019s disease: deficits suggest role in motor and non-motor symptoms","volume":"27","author":"Pifl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902510403","article-title":"Connections of the parahippocampal cortex in the cat. II. Subcortical afferents","volume":"251","author":"Room","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2010.12.002","article-title":"The chemical neuroanatomy of vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"42","author":"Ruffoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150530202508","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: at the crossroad of neurodegeneration and vascular dysfunction","volume":"12","author":"Saito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777229","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation","volume":"6","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2573","article-title":"The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition","volume":"10","author":"Sara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.07.004","article-title":"Locus Coeruleus in time with the making of memories","volume":"35","author":"Sara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s004019900178","article-title":"Evolution of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related cytoskeletal changes in the basal nucleus of Meynert","volume":"100","author":"Sassin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2016.10.002","article-title":"Stereological investigation of the CA1 pyramidal cell layer in untreated and lithium-treated 3xTg-AD and wild-type mice","volume":"209","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523899166045","article-title":"Cholinergic and noradrenergic afferents influence the functional properties of the postnatal visual cortex in rats","volume":"16","author":"Siciliano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4522(98)00202-4","article-title":"Cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert receive cholinergic, catecholaminergic and GABAergic synapses: an electron microscopic investigation in the monkey","volume":"88","author":"Smiley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B111","first-page":"97","article-title":"The functional anatomy of noradrenergic neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Soldani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Funct. Neurol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(89)90015-5","article-title":"Are glial cells targets of the central noradrenergic system? A review of the evidence","volume":"14","author":"Stone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89615-9_17","article-title":"Adenosine receptors and neurological disease: neuroprotection and neurodegeneration","volume":"193","author":"Stone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90601-q","article-title":"Further evidence for a glial localization of rat cortical beta-adrenoceptors: studies of in vivo cyclic AMP responses to catecholamines","volume":"549","author":"Stone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.03.024","article-title":"Anatomic localization of the transentorhinal region of the perirhinal cortex","volume":"29","author":"Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.58.12.1791","article-title":"Phases of A \u03b2-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD","volume":"58","author":"Thal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-142682","article-title":"Turning on the light within: subcortical nuclei of the isodentritic core and their role in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"46","author":"Theofilas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.06.2362","article-title":"Locus coeruleus volume and cell population changes during Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression: a stereological study in human postmortem brains with potential implication for early-stage biomarker discovery","volume":"13","author":"Theofilas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510x(81)90031-9","article-title":"Cell loss in the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of Alzheimer type","volume":"49","author":"Tomlinson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3346-12.2013","article-title":"Locus coeruleus stimulation recruits a broad cortical neuronal network and increases cortical perfusion","volume":"33","author":"Toussay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90236-5","article-title":"Locus coeruleus complex: elicitation of a pressor response and a brain stem region necessary for its occurrence","volume":"107","author":"Ward","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.03.006","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptors and the regulation of autophagy","volume":"25","author":"Wauson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.05145.x","article-title":"Genetic or pharmacological blockade of noradrenaline synthesis enhances the neurochemical, behavioral, and neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine","volume":"105","author":"Weinshenker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroanatomy"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnana.2017.00080\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T20:10:01Z","timestamp":1750882201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnana.2017.00080\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnana.2017.00080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnana.2017.00080","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5129"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5129","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]]},"article-number":"80"}}