{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:47:44Z","timestamp":1790524064009,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007423","name":"Duchenne Parent Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004243","name":"Prinses Beatrix Spierfonds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Behav. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the <jats:italic>DMD<\/jats:italic> gene resulting in loss of functional dystrophin protein. The muscle dystrophin isoform is essential to protect muscles from contraction-induced damage. However, most dystrophin isoforms are expressed in the brain. In addition to progressive muscle weakness, many DMD patients therefore also exhibit intellectual and behavioral abnormalities. The most commonly used mouse model for DMD, the <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mouse, lacks only the full-length dystrophin isoforms and has been extensively characterized for muscle pathology. In this study, we assessed behavioral effects of a lack of full-length dystrophins on spontaneous behavior, discrimination and reversal learning, anxiety, and short-term spatial memory and compared performance between male and female <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice. In contrast to our previous study using only female <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice, we could not reproduce the earlier observed reversal learning deficit. However, we did notice small differences in the number of visits made during the Y-maze and dark-light box. Results indicate that it is advisable to establish standard operating procedures specific to behavioral testing in <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice to allow the detection of the subtle phenotypic differences and to eliminate inter and intra laboratory variance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.629043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T06:51:01Z","timestamp":1611125461000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Assessment of Behavioral Characteristics With Procedures of Minimal Human Interference in the mdx Mouse Model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Engelbeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemieke","family":"Aartsma-Rus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastijn","family":"Koopmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"Loos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maaike","family":"van Putten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20586","article-title":"Entries in the Leiden Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutation database: an overview of mutation types and paradoxical cases that confirm the reading-frame rule","volume":"34","author":"Aartsma-Rus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815570154","article-title":"Cognitive and neurobehavioral profile in boys with duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"30","author":"Banihani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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