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Behav. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic pain and depression are intimately linked; the combination of the two leads to higher health care costs, lower quality of life, and worse treatment outcomes with both conditions exhibiting higher prevalence among women. In the current study, we examined the development of depressive-like behavior in male and female mice using the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain. Males displayed increased immobility on the forced-swim test \u2013 a measure of depressive-like behavior \u2013 2 weeks following injury, while females developed depressive-like behavior at 3-week. Since the pathogenesis of chronic pain and depression may involve overlapping mechanisms including the activation of microglial cells, we explored glial cell changes in brain regions associated with pain processing and affect. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that microglial cells were more numerous in female SNI mice in the contralateral ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a brain region important for pain processing and affect behavior, 2-week following surgery. Microglial cell activation was not different between any of the groups for the dorsal ACC or nucleus accumbens. Analysis of astrocyte density did not reveal any significant changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining in the ACC or nucleus accumbens. Overall, the current study characterized peripheral nerve injury induced depression-like behavior in male and female mice, which may be associated with different patterns of glial cell activation in regions important for pain processing and affect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.758251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T05:46:21Z","timestamp":1635486381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Characterizing Sex Differences in Depressive-Like Behavior and Glial Brain Cell Changes Following Peripheral Nerve Injury in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vassilia","family":"Michailidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navdeep K.","family":"Lidhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chulmin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loren J.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000204851.15499.fc","article-title":"Comorbid depression, chronic pain, and disability in primary care.","volume":"68","author":"Arnow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosom. 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