{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:21:24Z","timestamp":1791926484534,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Behav. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laboratory-based sleep manipulations show asymmetries between positive and negative affect, but say little about how more specific moods might change. We report extensive analyzes of items from the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) during days following nights of chronic sleep restriction (6 h sleep opportunity), during 40 h of acute sleep deprivation under constant routine conditions, and during a week-long forced desynchrony protocol in which participants lived on a 28-h day. Living in the laboratory resulted in medium effects sizes on all positive moods (Attentiveness, General Positive Affect, Joviality, Assuredness), with a general deterioration as the days wore on. These effects were not found with negative moods. Sleep restriction reduced some positive moods, particularly Attentiveness (also General Positive), and increased Hostility. A burden of chronic sleep loss also led to lower positive moods when participants confronted the acute sleep loss challenge, and all positive moods, as well as Fearfulness, General Negative Affect and Hostility were affected. Sleeping at atypical circadian phases resulted in mood changes: all positive moods reduced, Hostility and General Negative Affect increased. Deteriorations increased the further participants slept from their typical nocturnal sleep. In most cases the changes induced by chronic or acute sleep loss or mistimed sleep waxed or waned across the waking day, with linear or various non-linear trends best fitting these time-awake-based changes. While extended laboratory stays do not emulate the fluctuating emotional demands of everyday living, these findings demonstrate that even in controlled settings mood changes systematically as sleep is shortened or mistimed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.911994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T08:40:32Z","timestamp":1660725632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Contrasting Effects of Sleep Restriction, Total Sleep Deprivation, and Sleep Timing on Positive and Negative Affect"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"John A.","family":"Groeger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"June C-Y.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayantara","family":"Santhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpar S.","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derk-Jan","family":"Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12014","article-title":"The daily variation in sleepiness and its relation to the preceding sleep episode\u2013a prospective study across 42 days of normal living.","volume":"22","author":"Akerstedt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"B2","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 th Edn."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/10\/4\/040301","article-title":"The structure of current affect: controversies and emerging consensus.","volume":"8","author":"Barrett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830140055010","article-title":"Complex interaction of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian phase modulates mood in healthy subjects.","volume":"54","author":"Boivin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10980","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524484113","article-title":"Diurnal and circadian variation of sleep and alertness in men vs. naturally cycling women.","volume":"113","author":"Boivin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B6","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/074873002129002294","article-title":"Getting through to circadian oscillators: why use constant routines?","volume":"17","author":"Duffy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.2.211","article-title":"Age-related reduction in daytime sleep propensity and nocturnal slow wave sleep: Implications for insomnia.","volume":"33","author":"Dijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"267","article-title":"Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night.","volume":"20","author":"Dinges","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3776","article-title":"Dissociating effects of global SWS disruption and healthy aging on waking performance and daytime sleepiness.","volume":"37","author":"Groeger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Early morning executive functioning during sleep deprivation is compromised by a PERIOD3 polymorphism.","volume":"31","author":"Groeger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep3030031","article-title":"Consecutive nights of moderate sleep loss does not affect mood in healthy young males.","volume":"3","author":"Harous","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clocks Sleep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.10.006","article-title":"Insomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"43","author":"Hertenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"B14","year":"2021","journal-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0.0."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S53633","article-title":"Total sleep deprivation decreases flow experience and mood status.","volume":"10","author":"Kaida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420943943","article-title":"Getting emotional about affect and mood.","volume":"54","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420943943","article-title":"Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion","author":"Larsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Review of personality and social psychology: emotion"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642411","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.642411","article-title":"Relation of decreased functional connectivity between left thalamus and left inferior frontal gyrus to emotion changes following acute sleep deprivation.","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45987","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045987","article-title":"Effects of partial and acute total sleep deprivation on performance across cognitive domains, individuals and circadian phase.","volume":"7","author":"Lo","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B20","author":"McNair","year":"1971","journal-title":"Manual for the Profile of Mood States."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3109\/07420529808998695","article-title":"The effect of one night\u2019s sleep deprivation on temperature, mood, and physical performance in subjects with different amounts of habitual physical activity.","volume":"15","author":"Meney","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4968","article-title":"Mechanisms linking circadian clocks, sleep, and neurodegeneration.","volume":"354","author":"Musiek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077714","article-title":"A circumplex model of affect.","volume":"39","author":"Russell","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsaa078","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa078","article-title":"Mild to moderate partial sleep deprivation is associated with increased impulsivity and decreased positive affect in young adults.","volume":"43","author":"Saksvik-Lehouillier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2730","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521637113","article-title":"Sex differences in the circadian regulation of sleep and waking cognition in humans.","volume":"113","author":"Santhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13491","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13491","article-title":"Sleep and affect in adolescents: bidirectional daily associations over 28-day ecological momentary assessment.","volume":"31","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"B28","author":"Thayer","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Biopsychology of Mood and Activation."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7948","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0229-09.2009","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging-assessed brain responses during an executive task depend on interaction of sleep homeostasis, circadian phase, and PER3 genotype.","volume":"29","author":"Vandewalle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsy098","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy098","article-title":"Increased vulnerability to attentional failure during acute sleep deprivation in women depends on menstrual phase.","volume":"41","author":"Vidafar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.98.2.219","article-title":"Toward a consensual structure of mood.","volume":"98","author":"Watson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13297","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13297","article-title":"Day-to-day associations between sleep characteristics and affect in community dwelling adults.","volume":"30","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/13784-000","author":"Wundt","year":"","journal-title":"An Introduction to Psychology (R. Pintner, Trans.)."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.911994\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T08:40:37Z","timestamp":1660725637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.911994\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.911994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.911994","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"article-number":"911994"}}