{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:06:01Z","timestamp":1793397961256,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012107","name":"Waterloo Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Behav. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a broad class of behaviors characterized by frequent action repetition and intense preference for sameness. Research has predominantly focused on RRBs in diagnosed clinical groups, particularly in autism spectrum disorder and genetic disorders. Using a transdiagnostic approach, the current study examined RRBs in a diverse sample of children in relation to developmental and demographic correlates (age, language, non-verbal ability, child anxiety, sex, and socioeconomic status). Separate analyses examined two RRB subtypes; repetitive sensory and motor behaviors (RSMB) and insistence on sameness (IS).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> Children (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 260, age 4\u20138 years, 174 male, 86 female) in mainstream schools identified by teachers as having behavioral, emotional, and\/or cognitive difficulties, were assessed using the Repetitive Behavior Questionnaire-2 (RBQ-2), the British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVS), Lucid Ability Scale, the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Recruitment excluded diagnosed clinical conditions. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess children\u2019s difficulties.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> RRB scores were of high frequency and the scores for the IS were higher than for RSMB. The severity of anxiety symptoms and male sex were significantly associated with both RRB subtypes, and younger age and SES scores were associated with IS. Elevated RRB total and subtype scores were significantly related to SDQ scores for emotion, conduct, hyperactivity, and peer-relations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold> The study provides the first evidence of RRBs in a diverse sample of young children with emerging difficulties in behavior, cognition, and\/or emotion. The results contribute to proposals about psychological development in RRB and indicate that RRBs are best represented on a continuum of severity found across children in the early school years. The results support previous findings of a relation between RRB and anxiety reported in clinical samples and importantly, they indicate that it is time to move beyond the study of categorically defined groups and consider correlates of RRBs that include broad indices of mental health and well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2023.1085404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T05:09:22Z","timestamp":1677647362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Restricted and repetitive behaviors and their developmental and demographic correlates in 4\u20138-year-old children: A transdiagnostic approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Keating","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Van Goozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Uljarevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan R.","family":"Leekam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12076","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12076","article-title":"Understanding de novo onset of anxiety during COVID-19: pre-pandemic socio-emotional functioning in vulnerable children","volume":"2","author":"Adegboye","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCPP Adv."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12005","DOI":"10.1111\/jcv2.12005","article-title":"Understanding why the COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdown increases mental health difficulties in vulnerable young children","volume":"1","author":"Adegboye","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCPP Adv."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13481","article-title":"Annual research review: the transdiagnostic revolution in neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"63","author":"Astle","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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