{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:20:25Z","timestamp":1757312425921,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20J40160","20K20145","21K03139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20J40160","20K20145","21K03139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Behav. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information-seeking behavior often features in research on metacognition in non-human animals; some species seek more information when they do not know the location of a food reward. Rats are known to do this in situations of uncertainty, but it is still unclear if they seek information prospectively for solving a later problem. In this study, we investigated rats\u2019 information-seeking responses in two areas that presented different cognitive challenges (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094). In one area, a memory task was presented in which rats could access a cue for a food reward during the information-seeking phase of a trial, but the cue was removed before the subsequent test phase. In the other area, a discrimination task presented a cue that was available in both the information-seeking and the test phases, so that it was not necessary to seek information prospectively. The memory and discrimination test trials were given in quasi-random order (Experiment 1). Rats explored in the memory task area no more than in the discrimination task area during the information-seeking phase, even after extensive training. When they were exposed exclusively to the memory task over multiple sessions (Experiment 2), they developed a strategy of exploring the available object cues. In Experiment 3, rats were found to stay longer in an area, which had an object than in other, less potentially informative areas; they were sensitive to the presence of information. Although these results did not support the existence of prospective information-seeking in rats, they do not necessarily imply that rats lack related abilities. This consideration is due to the constraints of the small sample size and the limited scope of the testing environment. Accumulating not only positive but also negative evidence would further understanding of the factors influencing metacognitive responses in non-human animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2023.1253780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T04:54:27Z","timestamp":1701665667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rats did not show evidence of prospective information-seeking: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sumie","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tohru","family":"Taniuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13420-010-0001-7","article-title":"Pigeons exhibit higher accuracy for chosen memory tests than for forced memory tests in duration matching-to-sample","volume":"39","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Learn. Behav."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-008-0180-1","article-title":"An assessment of memory awareness in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)","volume":"12","author":"Basile","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3758\/s13420-018-0367-5","article-title":"Metacognition in dogs: do dogs know they could be wrong?","volume":"46","author":"Belger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Learn. Behav."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.02.016","article-title":"Information seeking by rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)","volume":"120","author":"Beran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.2117\/psysoc.2016.148","article-title":"Recollection of what-where-which memory in degus (Octodon degus)","volume":"59","author":"Betsuyaku","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychologia"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.12.004","article-title":"Sleep enhances memory consolidation in the hippocampus-dependent object-place recognition task in rats","volume":"97","author":"Binder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.03.004","article-title":"Visual perspective taking in dogs (Canis familiaris) in the presence of barriers","volume":"88","author":"Br\u00e4uer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2021.101015","article-title":"Young children\u2019s capacity to seek information in preparation for a future event","volume":"58","author":"Brinums","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-010-0317-x","article-title":"Do apes know that they could be wrong?","volume":"13","author":"Call","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199646739.003.0005","article-title":"Seeking information in non-human animals: weaving a metacognitive web","volume-title":"Foundations of Metacognition","author":"Call","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s100710100078","article-title":"Do apes and children know what they have seen?","volume":"3","author":"Call","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-012-0569-8","article-title":"Information-seeking behavior: exploring metacognitive control in pigeons","volume":"16","author":"Castro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812513106","article-title":"Freedom of movement and the stability of its unfolding in free exploration of mice","volume":"106","author":"Fonio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.01.061","article-title":"Metacognition in the rat","volume":"17","author":"Foote","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-004-0215-1","article-title":"Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) discriminate between knowing and not knowing and collect information as needed before acting","volume":"7","author":"Hampton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref9001","first-page":"389","article-title":"Detecting metamemory in nonverbal subjects: a test with pigeons","volume-title":"J. exp. psychol., Anim. behav. Processes","author":"Inman","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-2028-7_15","article-title":"Studies of prospective information-seeking in capuchin monkeys, pigeons, and human children","volume-title":"Comparative Cognition","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1037\/com0000217","article-title":"Prospective information-seeking in human children (Homo sapiens): when to seek and what to seek","volume":"134","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-012-0566-y","article-title":"Do pigeons (Columba livia) seek information when they have insufficient knowledge?","volume":"16","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-017-1153-z","article-title":"Pigeons (Columba livia) know when they will need hints: prospective metacognition for reference memory?","volume":"21","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.08.013","article-title":"Rats use memory confidence to guide decisions","volume":"31","author":"Joo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1037\/xan0000018","article-title":"Rats respond for information: metacognition in a rodent?","volume":"40","author":"Kirk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Learn. Cogn."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-020-01372-5","article-title":"Investigating information seeking in ravens (Corvus corax)","volume":"23","author":"Lambert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-014-0767-7","article-title":"Metacognitive-like information seeking in lion-tailed macaques: a generalized search response after all?","volume":"17","author":"Marsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-011-0453-y","article-title":"Information seeking by orangutans: a generalized search strategy?","volume":"15","author":"Marsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2010.07.014","article-title":"Dogs choose a human informant: metacognition in canines","volume":"85","author":"McMahon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-010-0345-6","article-title":"Do birds (pigeons and bantams) know how confident they are of their perceptual decisions?","volume":"14","author":"Nakamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-005-0007-2","article-title":"Redundant food searches by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): a failure of metacognition?","volume":"9","author":"Paukner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3819\/ccbr.2012.70005","article-title":"Information seeking in animals: metacognition?","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Cogn. Behav. Rev."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1037\/com0000246","article-title":"Metacognition in canids: a comparison of dogs (Canis familiaris) and dingoes (Canis dingo)","volume":"134","author":"Royka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3819\/ccbr.2009.40004","article-title":"Animal metacognition: problems and prospects","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Cogn. Behav. Rev."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03196540","article-title":"Uncertainty in pigeons","volume":"10","author":"Sole","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-007-0082-7","article-title":"Do orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) know when they do not remember?","volume":"11","author":"Suda-King","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.34.2.266","article-title":"Memory without awareness: pigeons do not show metamemory in delayed matching to sample","volume":"34","author":"Sutton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1037\/com0000211","article-title":"Do lemurs know when they could be wrong? An investigation of information seeking in three species of lemur (Lemur catta, Eulemur rubriventer, and Varecia variegata)","volume":"134","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-017-1109-3","article-title":"Rats know when they remember: transfer of metacognitive responding across odor-based delayed match-to-sample tests","volume":"20","author":"Templer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2017.03.009","article-title":"Behavioral and neural subsystems of rodent exploration","volume":"61","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Learn. Motiv."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.08.005","article-title":"Why so curious? Quantifying mechanisms of information seeking","volume":"35","author":"van Lieshout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-020-01414-y","article-title":"More exploratory house mice judge an ambiguous situation more negatively","volume":"24","author":"Verjat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-015-0835-7","article-title":"Information seeking in capuchins (Cebus apella): a rudimentary form of metacognition?","volume":"18","author":"Vining","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-015-0912-y","article-title":"Hint-seeking behaviour of western scrub-jays in a metacognition task","volume":"19","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-013-0719-7","article-title":"Western scrub-jays allocate longer observation time to more valuable information","volume":"17","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.04.004","article-title":"Object recognition memory: neurobiological mechanisms of encoding, consolidation and retrieval","volume":"32","author":"Winters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1037\/xan0000130","article-title":"Rats show adaptive choice in a metacognitive task with high uncertainty","volume":"43","author":"Yuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Learn. Cogn."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2023.1253780\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T04:54:32Z","timestamp":1701665672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2023.1253780\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnbeh.2023.1253780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2023.1253780","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5153"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1662-5153"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"article-number":"1253780"}}