{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:20:01Z","timestamp":1790799601603,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Behav. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies suggested that self-focused attention (SFA), implicated in social anxiety disorder (SAD), correlates with heightened activity in the right frontopolar area (rFPA), which is the right prefrontal cortex just behind the forehead. Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method capable of temporarily suppressing brain function beneath the magnet. We explored whether tSMS on individuals with tendencies toward SAD elicited (1) suppressing rFPA activation during the resting-state and (2) reducing SFA during a subsequent speech task. Twenty-three university students with social anxiety performed two speech tasks. Between tasks, the tSMS group received neodymium magnet stimulation while the sham group received fake magnet stimulation on the rFPA for 20\u2009min. Resting-state rFPA activities was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), while SFA (body sensations and observer perspective), field perspective, and detached mindfulness (DM) perspective were assessed via questionnaires during both speech tasks. The observer perspective means SFA to self-imagery from others\u2019 viewpoint, while the field and DM perspectives mean appropriately focusing on the external environment. The results indicated that tSMS intervention decreased rFPA activity from pre- to post-intervention rest. Then, tSMS reduced SFA to bodily sensations and increased DM perspective from pre- to post-intervention speech, especially in those with high levels of social anxiety. Furthermore, tSMS enhanced the field perspective regardless of social anxiety tendency. The results suggest that tSMS may suppress overactivity in rFPA, reduce SFA to body sensation, and increase adaptive attention in highly socially anxious individuals. Our study suggests the possibility of the clinical application of tSMS for treating SAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2024.1373564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T04:57:56Z","timestamp":1710305876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tackling social anxiety with targeted brain stimulation: investigating the effects of transcranial static magnetic field stimulation on self-focused attention"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Nozomi","family":"Tomita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuto","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumiya","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Mima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rieko","family":"Osu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Kumano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.11477\/mf.1405902721","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale","volume":"44","author":"Asakura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.004053","article-title":"Modified beer-Lambert law for blood flow","volume":"5","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264669","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1264669","article-title":"Case reports in neuroimaging and stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Battaglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.06.003","article-title":"Resting-state functional and structural connectivity within an insula-amygdala route specifically index state and trait anxiety","volume":"73","author":"Baur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"368","volume-title":"Anxiety disorders and phobias: a cognitive perspective","author":"Beck","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu128","article-title":"Neural correlates of self-focused attention in social anxiety","volume":"10","author":"Boehme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00096-1","article-title":"The causal role of self-awareness in blushing-anxious, socially-anxious and social phobics individuals","volume":"40","author":"B\u00f6gels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-021-01764-9","article-title":"Enhancing cognition in older persons with depression or anxiety with a combination of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): results of a pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Brooks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.08.003","article-title":"Neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder \u2013 a meta-analytic review resulting in a new neurofunctional model","volume":"47","author":"Br\u00fchl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"3","article-title":"Strong inference in psychophysiological science","volume-title":"Handbook of psychophysiology","author":"Cacioppo","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"The focus of attention questionnaire (unpublished questionnaire)","author":"Chambless","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"69","article-title":"A cognitive model of social phobia","volume-title":"Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment","author":"Clark","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.09.001","article-title":"Internal and external attention in speech anxiety","volume":"44","author":"Deiters","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.02.005","article-title":"Long-lasting effects of transcranial static magnetic field stimulation on motor cortex excitability","volume":"11","author":"Dileone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.049","article-title":"A brief review on the history of human functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) development and fields of application","volume":"63","author":"Ferrari","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.09.004","article-title":"Private and public self-awareness in social anxiety","volume":"39","author":"George","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9182","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4232-14.2015","article-title":"Static magnetic field stimulation over the visual cortex increases alpha oscillations and slows visual search in humans","volume":"35","author":"Gonzalez-Rosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.033","article-title":"Imbalance between left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression is linked to negative emotional judgment: an fMRI study in severe major depressive disorder","volume":"63","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1969.10490657","article-title":"Procedures for detecting outlying observations in samples","volume":"11","author":"Grubbs","year":"1969","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref9005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729885","article-title":"Sample criteria for testing outlying observations","volume":"21","author":"Grubbs","year":"1950","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsw119","article-title":"Impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on attentional bias for threat: a proof-of-concept study among individuals with social anxiety disorder","volume":"12","author":"Heeren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"150","article-title":"The development and use of Stanford sleepness scale (SSS)","volume":"9","author":"Hoddes","year":"1972","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.11331\/jjbm.26.106","article-title":"Measurement of detached mindfulness: Relationship attention control and detachment","volume":"26","author":"Imai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"85","article-title":"Subjective aspects of voluntary attention control and its relation to depression and anxiety","volume":"8","author":"Imai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cogn. Ther."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.24468\/jjbt.18.1_10","article-title":"Standardization of Japanese version of FNE and SADS","volume":"18","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"35","article-title":"Effect of transcranial static magnetic field stimulation on the prefrontal area during the self-focused attention","volume":"21","author":"Katayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waseda J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.5.205","article-title":"Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation \u2013 new non-invasive brain stimulation tool","volume":"5","author":"Kirimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Fit. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000414022","article-title":"Social phobia. Mod. Probl","volume":"22","author":"Liebowitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843x.92.4.417","article-title":"Is increased arousal in social anxiety noticed by others?","volume":"92","author":"McEwan","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00134-2","article-title":"Screening for social anxiety disorder in the clinical setting: using the Liebowitz social anxiety scale","volume":"16","author":"Mennin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.02.002","article-title":"The Flinders handedness survey (Flanders): a brief measure of skilled hand preference","volume":"49","author":"Nicholls","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2019.12.005","article-title":"Transcranial static magnetic stimulation \u2013 from bench to bedside and beyond","volume":"156","author":"Nojima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.85.13235","article-title":"A Japanese version of the FLANDERS handedness questionnaire","volume":"85","author":"Okubo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn. Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.211953","article-title":"Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"589","author":"Oliviero","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901309010180","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat social anxiety disorder: case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Paes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465802001030","article-title":"Social anxiety, self-focused attention, and the discrimination of negative, neutral and positive audience members by their non-verbal behaviours","volume":"30","author":"Perowne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712001857","article-title":"Neural response to the observable self in social anxiety disorder","volume":"43","author":"Pujol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.004","article-title":"A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology","volume":"85","author":"Scholkmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01110-7","article-title":"Triple tSMS system (\u2018SHIN JIBA\u2019) for non-invasive deep brain stimulation: a validation study in healthy subjects","volume":"19","author":"Shibata","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87746-2","article-title":"Effects of transcranial static magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex on local and network spontaneous electroencephalogram oscillations","volume":"11","author":"Shibata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref9004","first-page":"59","article-title":"An introduction to the statistical free software HAD: Suggestions to improve teaching, learning and practice data analysis","volume":"1","author":"Shimizu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Media Inf. Commun."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.05.024","article-title":"Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) can induce functional recovery in patients with subacute stroke","volume":"16","author":"Shimomura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00177-8","article-title":"The observer perspective: effects on social anxiety and performance","volume":"41","author":"Spurr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84823-4","article-title":"Transcranial static magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex can facilitate the contralateral cortical excitability in human","volume":"11","author":"Takamatsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225755","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1225755","article-title":"Insights into structural and functional organization of the brain: evidence from neuroimaging and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques","volume":"14","author":"Tanaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15739","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115739","article-title":"Emerging translational research in neurological and psychiatric diseases: from in vitro to in vivo models","volume":"24","author":"Tanaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.24468\/jjbct.20-037","article-title":"Development of an attention training technique using sounds that arouse self-focused attention: an investigation on its effects for socially anxious individuals","volume":"47","author":"Tomita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn J. Behav. Cogn. Ther."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10310","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-02319-w","article-title":"Self-focused attention related to social anxiety during free speaking tasks activates the right frontopolar area","volume":"42","author":"Tomita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-019-10075-2","article-title":"Neural correlates supported by eye movements of self-focused attention and other-focused attention in social situations","volume":"44","author":"Tomita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognit. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.15064\/jjpm.58.1_65","article-title":"Developing the mental perspective scale for social anxiety disorder","volume":"58","author":"Tomita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref9007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.03.005","article-title":"Feasibility of simultaneous cognitive behavioral therapy and left prefrontal rTMS for treatment resistant depression","volume":"3","author":"Vedeniapin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain. Stimul."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833007","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.833007","article-title":"Cross-modal transfer learning from EEG to functional near-infrared spectroscopy for classification task in brain-computer Interface system","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"Attention and emotion: a clinical perspective","author":"Wells","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005583820758","article-title":"Self-focused attention and social anxiety in social phobics and normal controls","volume":"24","author":"Woody","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cognit. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"161","article-title":"Development of the focused attention scale (FAS) and investigation into its reliability and validity","volume":"11","author":"Yamada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050271","article-title":"Separation of fNIRS signals into functional and systemic components based on differences in hemodynamic modalities","volume":"7","author":"Yamata","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2024.1373564\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T04:58:07Z","timestamp":1710305887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2024.1373564\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnbeh.2024.1373564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2024.1373564","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"article-number":"1373564"}}