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In this research, we investigated the role of EE in human substance use disorders (SUDs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A new self-report measure of perceived EE was developed to test, in human participants, whether EE is associated with lower levels of SUD. This scale was administered to two distinct groups: regular smokers (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 286) and patients diagnosed with severe alcohol use disorder (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 52). Smokers also provided demographic information and data on nicotine use, while patients with alcohol use disorder reported pre-hospitalization drug intake, detoxification history, and levels of depression and anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The EE scale demonstrated adequate psychometric properties, including a stable factorial structure and high test\u2013retest reliability over 1 month. Among smokers, higher scores were significantly associated with lower nicotine consumption, dependence and craving. In patients with alcohol use disorder, lower scores were linked to a history of more frequent relapse. These effects were independent from depression and anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Environmental enrichment, as perceived and self-reported by individuals, appears to be a promising construct for understanding vulnerability and resilience in human addiction. The scale may serve as a valuable translational tool between preclinical and clinical models, with potential implications for the development of new intervention strategies for SUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2025.1629918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T05:24:33Z","timestamp":1757049873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Moving beyond animal models: enriched environments and human substance use disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lila","family":"Barillot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Chauvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emeline","family":"Chauchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Besnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghina","family":"Harika-Germaneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"No\u00ebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nemat","family":"Jaafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Solinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armand","family":"Chatard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.04.003","article-title":"Measurement of substance-free reinforcement in addiction: A systematic review.","volume":"70","author":"Acuff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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