{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:46:41Z","timestamp":1789015601934,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Behav. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early intervention services (EIS) for first-episode psychosis (FEP) play a key role in shaping a better disease trajectory for both affective and non-affective psychosis. Psychotic disorders tend to present sex differences both from an epidemiological and clinical perspective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary aim of this study is to investigate sex-based differences in outcome of patients admitted to EIS for FEP, analysing clinical differences and recovery rates during a 24\u202fmonths long follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A longitudinal cohort study was conducted. Patients were those admitted to the EIS in Ferrara between 2012 and February 27th, 2025 who met the following enrolment criteria: (a) diagnosed with affective or non-affective FEP; (b) not being treated for more than 24\u202fmonths; (c) absence of intellectual disability; (d) aged between 18 and 35\u202fyears; (e) absence of organic psychosis. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were collected at program admission. The HoNOS (Health of the Nation Outcome Scale) was administered at baseline and every 6\u202fmonths for the 24\u202fmonths follow-up to compare sex differences in terms of symptoms severity and clinical recovery (HoNOS total score &amp;lt;8). Outcomes over time were compared between groups using mixed effects models repeated measures analysis of variance (MMRM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 174 patients were included in the study, most were males (74.1%), and most men vs. women were born in Italy (81.4% vs. 66.7%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.04). At admission, men had significantly higher rates of cannabis use (56.6% vs. 22.2%), tobacco use (62% vs. 28.9%), and alcohol misuse (51.2% vs. 15.5%) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Men, compared to women, at 6 and 12\u202fmonths showed significantly lower clinical severity than women (11.9 vs. 14.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.03; 9.4 vs. 11.9, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.05 respectively), and higher probability of being in recovery at 12\u202fmonths (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.04), indicating a faster clinical improvement. At 24-month, more men than women were NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) (26.3% vs. 8%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, our study highlighted significant sex differences both at admission as well as in outcomes. Men tend to improve more rapidly than women, then reaching a plateau with no substantial differences between sexes at 24\u202fmonths. Further studies should identify sex-specific outcome predictors that could help in early patients\u2019 identification, thus leading to improve clinical trajectories and long-term prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2025.1642460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:16:48Z","timestamp":1757312208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sex differences in outcomes of first episode psychosis: results from an early intervention service"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Domenicano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Citton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Vecchioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"De Donatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Bertelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franca","family":"Emanuelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.09.014","article-title":"Symptom remission in first episode patients","volume":"106","author":"Addington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. 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