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Behav. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current rodent models for anxiety and depression assessment face methodological challenges compromising both scientific rigor and animal welfare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study introduced a novel approach using the L\u00e9vy flight (LF) statistical method to analyze spontaneous movement in open spaces. We employed three models: Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), Electric shock stress (ES), and Chronic Restraint Stress (CRS)\u2014utilizing a total of 540 mice for LF fitting. A support vector machine algorithm was applied to distinguish each model group based on the two-dimensional distribution of the variables \u03b3 and \u03bc in the LF. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov test before and after drug administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that the ES model primarily exhibited anxiety-like behaviors, the CRS model predominantly exhibited depression-like behaviors, and the CUMS model displayed both depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors. All three stress models were suitable for LF fitting, with the distribution of CUMS in the \u03b3-\u03bc plane lying between the ES and CRS groups. To assess the therapeutic effect of fluoxetine (FXT) on CUMS, we excluded the CUMS-resistant mice and performed LF analysis. Following FXT treatment, the mice gradually shifted toward the normal area in the \u03b3-\u03bc plane, with a more pronounced shift toward the depression area observed as the modeling time increased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identifies a previously unrecognized statistical locomotor pattern in mice with anxiety and depression. By integrating scientific rigor with ethical considerations, this approach also presents a humane paradigm shift in preclinical assessment, accelerating translational breakthroughs in neuroscience research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2026.1757347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:34:53Z","timestamp":1784612093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["L\u00e9vy statistics define anxiety and depression in mice subjected to chronic stress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Qinxi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurological Disease Modeling and Translational Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, 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