{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:00:10Z","timestamp":1777636810692,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Behav. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is characterized by the abrupt onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder and\/or tics, along with other neuropsychiatric symptoms in children, in the setting of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection and presumed immune dysregulation. Current diagnostic testing has limited utility in diagnosis of PANDAS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Nucleic Acid Protein Programmable Array (NAPPA) is a protein expression system that enables the study of protein-autoantibody interactions. We employed this system for unbiased screening of potential autoimmune targets in PANDAS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Initially, we compared children with PANDAS to patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and identified 1,235 non-overlapping protein targets. These targets were subsequently used to re-screen samples from PANDAS, ASD and healthy controls (HC). In the secondary screen, 117 autoantibody targets were exclusively detected in PANDAS and absent from both ASD and HC groups. However, autoantibody profiles were highly heterogeneous: 67.5% of PANDAS-positive targets were reactive in only a single patient, and no individual protein or multi-protein panel classifier achieved reliable diagnostic discrimination under proper cross-validation. Targets that discriminated PANDAS from HC largely failed to discriminate PANDAS from ASD, and vice versa, indicating that autoantibody-based diagnosis is confounded by reactivity shared across neuropsychiatric conditions. Despite poor diagnostic performance, functional enrichment analysis revealed that PANDAS-specific targets were significantly overrepresented among transcription factors, apoptosis regulators, chromatin\/epigenetic modifiers, neural development proteins, and immune-regulatory molecules, with the majority being intracellular proteins enriched for intrinsically disordered regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support the hypothesis of autoimmunity and epitope spreading as features of PANDAS but indicate that the heterogeneity of the humoral response represents a fundamental challenge for serological diagnosis. Future studies with larger cohorts and complementary approaches are necessary to determine whether autoantibody signatures can be leveraged for clinical utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2026.1774848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:54:12Z","timestamp":1777442052000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unbiased autoantibody screening using nucleic acid protein programmable array in pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jelena","family":"Eremija","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Children\u2019s Postinfectious Autoimmune Encephalopathy (CPAE) Center of Excellence, Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center","place":["Tucson, AZ, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Daines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Children\u2019s Postinfectious Autoimmune Encephalopathy (CPAE) Center of Excellence, Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center","place":["Tucson, AZ, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Children\u2019s Postinfectious Autoimmune Encephalopathy (CPAE) Center of Excellence, Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center","place":["Tucson, AZ, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliette C.","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child Psychiatry, Neuroimmune Psychiatric Disorders Program, Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center","place":["Lebanon, NH, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth","place":["Hanover, NH, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Swedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fayez K.","family":"Ghishan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Children\u2019s Postinfectious Autoimmune Encephalopathy (CPAE) Center of Excellence, Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center","place":["Tucson, AZ, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawel R.","family":"Kiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Children\u2019s Postinfectious Autoimmune Encephalopathy (CPAE) Center of Excellence, Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center","place":["Tucson, AZ, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center","place":["Tucson, AZ, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-070334","article-title":"Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS): clinical report","volume":"155","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02524-6","article-title":"Introducing neurofilament light chain measure in psychiatry: current evidence, opportunities, and pitfalls","volume":"29","author":"Bavato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. 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