{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:50:29Z","timestamp":1791355829376,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Behav. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term, automated tracking of group-housed social animals using RFID (radio frequency identification) is a promising approach in ethological neuroscience. However, low-frequency (LF) RFID, while long-established in the field, is constrained by its inherent low data rates, which lead to two critical limitations: (1) compromised spatiotemporal resolution, and (2) the inability to identify multiple tags (animals) simultaneously. To address these limitations, we developed eeeHive, a high-frequency (HF) RFID-based animal tracking system with a fully custom hardware architecture that enables high-speed, multiplexed antenna polling and concurrent multi-tag reading. The polling time per antenna in eeeHive was 5.9 ms, with an additional 8.2 ms read time per tag. We applied the system to track 24 mice for 1 week, and six common marmosets for 7 weeks. The system successfully tracked individuals even within dense clusters, revealing complex behavioral traits characterized by spatial utilization, temporal dynamics, behavioral regularity, and inter-individual relationships. Additional tests with Japanese fire-bellied newts and Nile tilapia juveniles demonstrated comparable tracking performance in aquatic environments. Taken together, eeeHive overcomes the inherent limitations of conventional LF RFID, establishing a powerful HF RFID-based platform for fine-scale behavioral tracking of group-housed animals across terrestrial and aquatic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2026.1861925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:58:35Z","timestamp":1791352715000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["eeeHive: a new HF RFID-based automated behavioral monitoring system enabling high spatiotemporal resolution tracking of group-housed animals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Seico","family":"Benner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies","place":["Tsukuba, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine","place":["Hamamatsu, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzuka","family":"Shiono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phenovance LLC","place":["Kashiwa, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshinori","family":"Kagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grid and Communication Technology Division, Grid Innovation Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry","place":["Yokosuka, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyohiko","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems and Multimedia Design, School of Science and Technology for Future Life, Tokyo Denki University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Yamasue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine","place":["Hamamatsu, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Lipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Z\u00fcrich","place":["Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phenovance LLC","place":["Kashiwa, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9532","DOI":"10.3390\/s111009532","article-title":"A new laboratory radio frequency identification (RFID) system for behavioural tracking of marine organisms.","volume":"11","author":"Aguzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"709","article-title":"Memory-efficient Anti-Collision Algorithm Based on ISO 15693","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st Electrical Engineering Conference (EECON-31)","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21514","article-title":"Use of passive radio frequency identification technologies to monitor nest usage in the northern carmine bee-eater (Merops n. nubicus).","volume":"38","author":"Alba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2006.07.027","article-title":"Colony formation of C57BL\/6J mice in visible burrow system: Identification of eusocial behaviors in a background strain for genetic animal models of autism.","volume":"176","author":"Arakawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. 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