{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:59:37Z","timestamp":1790773177105,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Behav. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep plays a critical role in memory consolidation, yet its contribution to the formation of perceptual-linguistic representations remains only partially understood. In the current study, we examined sleep spindles and slow oscillations (SOs) in relation to offline changes in speech-sound memory in adults across a wide range of language ability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-nine monolingual English-speaking participants completed a perceptual training task contrasting retroflex \/\u0256\/ and dental \/d\u032a\/ consonants, followed by a polysomnography-monitored nap.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Slow spindle density was positively associated with perceptual discrimination performance following a nap, whereas slow oscillation (SO) density was negatively associated. SO-slow spindle coupling strength was significantly correlated with language difficulty amongst those with developmental language disorder, such that those with a lower synchronization index were observed with greater difficulties in language ability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, these findings point to the potential relationship between sleep and perceptual-linguistic representation, and developmental language disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2026.1903903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:23:49Z","timestamp":1790771029000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Speech-sound memory consolidation over a daytime nap in adults with and without developmental language disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Solbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Delaware","place":["Newark, DE, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahulkrishna Gurram","family":"Thimmugari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University","place":["Washington, DC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"van Zelst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida Atlantic University","place":["Boca Raton, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Sayako","family":"Earle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Delaware","place":["Newark, DE, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0430-8","article-title":"Differential effects of non-REM and REM sleep on memory consolidation?","volume":"14","author":"Ackermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(91)90110-W","article-title":"Horne & \u00d6stberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire: a reduced scale","volume":"12","author":"Adan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. 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