{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:26:25Z","timestamp":1790303185625,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurorobot."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The validation of myoelectric prosthetic control strategies for individuals experiencing upper-limb loss is hindered by the time and cost affiliated with traditional custom-fabricated sockets. Consequently, researchers often rely upon virtual reality or robotic arms to validate novel control strategies, which limits end-user involvement. Prosthetists fabricate diagnostic check sockets to assess and refine socket fit, but these clinical techniques are not readily available to researchers and are not intended to assess functionality for control strategies. Here we present a multi-user, low-cost, transradial, functional-test socket for short-term research use that can be custom-fit and donned rapidly, used in conjunction with various electromyography configurations, and adapted for use with various residual limbs and terminal devices. In this study, participants with upper-limb amputation completed functional tasks in physical and virtual environments both with and without the socket, and they reported on their perceived comfort level over time. The functional-test socket was fabricated prior to participants' arrival, iteratively fitted by the researchers within 10 mins, and donned in under 1 min (excluding electrode placement, which will vary for different use cases). It accommodated multiple individuals and terminal devices and had a total cost of materials under $10 USD. Across all participants, the socket did not significantly impede functional task performance or reduce the electromyography signal-to-noise ratio. The socket was rated as comfortable enough for at least 2 h of use, though it was expectedly perceived as less comfortable than a clinically-prescribed daily-use socket. The development of this multi-user, transradial, functional-test socket constitutes an important step toward increased end-user participation in advanced myoelectric prosthetic research. The socket design has been open-sourced and is available for other researchers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2022.872791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T01:59:56Z","timestamp":1655431196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Multi-User Transradial Functional-Test Socket for Validation of New Myoelectric Prosthetic Control Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Taylor C.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail R.","family":"Citterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy N.","family":"Tully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Baschuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob A.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2019.104163","article-title":"Data for benchmarking low-cost, 3D printed prosthetic hands","volume":"25","author":"Alkhatib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2361478","article-title":"A multi-class proportional myocontrol algorithm for upper limb prosthesis control: validation in real-life scenarios on amputees","volume":"23","author":"Amsuess","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":""},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181587f6c","article-title":"Upper-limb prosthetics: critical factors in device abandonment","volume":"86","author":"Biddiss","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Physic. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640600994581","article-title":"Upper limb prosthesis use and abandonment: a survey of the last 25 years","volume":"31","author":"Biddiss","year":"","journal-title":"Prosthetic. Orthotics Int."},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"A preliminary evaluation of a hydro-cast trans-femoral socket, a proof of concept19\n            BuisA.\n            KamyabM.\n            HillmanS.\n            MurrayK.\n            McGarryA.\n          Prosthetic. Orthotic. Open J.12017"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARSC.2019.8733629","article-title":"A review on commercially available anthropomorphic myoelectric prosthetic hands, pattern-recognition-based microcontrollers and semg sensors used for prosthetic control,","author":"Calado","year":"2019","journal-title":"19th IEEE International Conference on Autonomous Robot Systems and Competitions, ICARSC 2019"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2016.00007","article-title":"The reality of myoelectric prostheses: understanding what makes these devices difficult for some users to control","volume":"10","author":"Chadwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobot."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13081239","article-title":"Mechanical properties of FDM printed PLA parts before and after thermal treatment","volume":"13","author":"Chalgham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2020.00011","article-title":"Online natural myocontrol of combined hand and wrist actions using tactile myography and the biomechanics of grasping","volume":"14","author":"Connan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobotics"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.3045351","article-title":"Shared prosthetic control based on multiple movement intent decoders","volume":"68","author":"Dantas","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.902252","article-title":"Model-based development of neural prostheses for movement","volume":"54","author":"Davoodi","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45459-7","article-title":"Proprioceptive sonomyographic control: a novel method for intuitive and proportional control of multiple degrees-of-freedom for individuals with upper extremity limb loss","volume":"9","author":"Dhawan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Rep."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189418","article-title":"Transhumeral loading during advanced upper extremity activities of daily living","volume":"12","author":"Drew","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182482","article-title":"Factors associated with interest in novel interfaces for upper limb prosthesis control","volume":"12","author":"Engdahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0044-2","article-title":"Surveying the interest of individuals with upper limb loss in novel prosthetic control techniques","volume":"12","author":"Engdahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2003.813539","article-title":"A robust, real-time control scheme for multifunction myoelectric control","volume":"50","author":"Englehart","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181319631508","article-title":"Understanding prosthetic abandonment","volume":"63","author":"Espinosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceed. Human Fact. Ergonom. Soc. Ann. Meet."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000142","article-title":"Cost comparison of socket-suspended and bone-anchored transfemoral prostheses","volume":"29","author":"Frossard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prosthetics Orthotics"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"247","article-title":"Myoelectric control of prosthetic hands: state-of-the-art review,","volume-title":"Medical Devices: Evidence and Research","author":"Geethanjali","year":"2016"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5090454","article-title":"Improving the robustness of real-time myoelectric pattern recognition against arm position changes in transradial amputees","volume":"17","author":"Geng","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2019.108462","article-title":"Intuitive neuromyoelectric control of a dexterous bionic arm using a modified Kalman filter","volume":"330","author":"George","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax2352","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aax2352","article-title":"Biomimetic sensory feedback through peripheral nerve stimulation improves dexterous use of a bionic hand","volume":"4","author":"George","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abc025","article-title":"Long-term performance of Utah slanted electrode arrays and intramuscular electromyographic leads implanted chronically in human arm nerves and muscles","volume":"17","author":"George","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"3441","article-title":"Inexpensive and portable system for dexterous high-density myoelectric control of multiarticulate prostheses,","volume-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems","author":"George","year":""},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2015.12.0228","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of self-report outcome measures for prosthetic applications","volume":"53","author":"Hafner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Develop."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2305520","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear regression techniques for simultaneous and proportional myoelectric control","volume":"22","author":"Hahne","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2020.3006416","article-title":"A modular adjustable transhumeral prosthetic socket for evaluating myoelectric control","volume":"8","author":"Hallworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Translat. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280310001603983","article-title":"Prosthetic socket fit comfort score","volume":"25","author":"Hanspal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.10.0207","article-title":"Case report of modified box and blocks test with motion capture to measure prosthetic function","volume":"49","author":"Hebert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Develop."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2013.10.0228","article-title":"Normative data for modified box and blocks test measuring upper-limb function via motion capture","volume":"51","author":"Hebert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Develop."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"2116","article-title":"CMOS magnetic sensors for wearable magnetomyography,","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","author":"Heidari","year":"2018"},{"key":"B33","unstructured":""},{"key":"B34","unstructured":""},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091456","article-title":"Affordable and faster transradial prosthetic socket production using photogrammetry and 3d printing","volume":"9","author":"Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics (Switzerland)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-110","article-title":"A state-based, proportional myoelectric control method: online validation and comparison with the clinical state-of-the-art","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2287383","article-title":"Is accurate mapping of EMG signals on kinematics needed for precise online myoelectric control?","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2206080","article-title":"Haptic feedback enhances grip force control of sEMG-controlled prosthetic hands in targeted reinnervation amputees","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2908817","article-title":"Virtual reality provides an effective platform for functional evaluations of closed-loop neuromyoelectric control","volume":"27","author":"Kluger","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1108\/prr-07-2018-0018","article-title":"On the 3D printing of recycled ABS, PLA and HIPS thermoplastics for structural applications","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PSU Res. Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2015.7363441","article-title":"MuJoCo HAPTIX: a virtual reality system for hand manipulation","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE-RAS Int. Conferen. Humanoid Robots"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617697177","article-title":"Equivalence tests: a practical primer for t tests, correlations, and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Lakens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Psychologic. Personal. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.4236\/jbise.2011.412094","article-title":"Analysis of trans tibial prosthetic socket materials using finite element method","volume":"4","author":"Lenka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B44","year":"2012","journal-title":"Assistive Devices Program Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aaf5a9","article-title":"Printing orientation defines anisotropic mechanical properties in additive manufacturing of upper limb prosthetics","volume":"6","author":"Maroti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Expr."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(01)00086-6","article-title":"Poly(lactic acid): plasticization and properties of biodegradable multiphase systems","volume":"42","author":"Martin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"B47","unstructured":""},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364620950850","article-title":"A novel, low-cost transradial socket fabrication method using mass-producible components and expanding rigid foam","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthotics Int"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2318431","article-title":"Closed-loop control of grasping with a myoelectric hand prosthesis: Which are the relevant feedback variables for force control?","volume":"22","author":"Ninu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3057984","article-title":"3D-printing and upper-limb prosthetic sockets: promises and pitfalls","volume":"29","author":"Olsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Engi."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Offline accuracy: a potentially misleading metric in myoelectric pattern recognition for prosthetic control,","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","author":"Ortiz-Catalan","year":"2015"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2011.635405","article-title":"Prosthesis rejection in acquired major upper-limb amputees: a population-based survey","volume":"7","author":"\u00d8stlie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00352","article-title":"Motor control and sensory feedback enhance prosthesis embodiment and reduce phantom pain after long-term hand amputation","volume":"12","author":"Page","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204596","article-title":"Real-time EMG based pattern recognition control for hand prostheses: A review on existing methods, challenges and future implementation","volume":"19","author":"Parajuli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00839-x","article-title":"Activities of daily living with bionic arm improved by combination training and latching filter in prosthesis control comparison","volume":"18","author":"Paskett","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabilit."},{"key":"B56","article-title":"A modular transradial bypass socket for surface electromyographic prosthetic control in non-amputees,","volume-title":"Biomedical Engineering Society Annual Conference","author":"Paskett","year":"2018"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"11","article-title":"The role of test socket procedures in today's prosthetic practices","volume":"9","author":"Quigley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clinic. Prosthetics Orthotics"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198934","article-title":"A novel gel liner system with embedded electrodes for use with upper limb myoelectric prostheses","volume":"13","author":"Reissman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40137-013-0044-8","article-title":"Prosthetic myoelectric control strategies: a clinical perspective","volume":"2","author":"Roche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Surg. Rep."},{"key":"B60","first-page":"553","article-title":"Using significance tests to evaluate equivalence between two experimental groups","volume":"113","author":"Rogers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Quant. Methods Psychol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1866684","article-title":"Current rates of prosthetic usage in upper-limb amputees\u2013have innovations had an impact on device acceptance?","volume":"20","author":"Salminger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001031","article-title":"Functional outcome scores with standard myoelectric prostheses in below-elbow amputees","volume":"98","author":"Salminger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physic. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364619836353","article-title":"Fabrication and application of an adjustable myoelectric transhumeral prosthetic socket","volume":"43","author":"Schofield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthotics Int."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.03.051","article-title":"Measurements of the mechanical response of unidirectional 3D-printed PLA","volume":"123","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials Design"},{"key":"B65","unstructured":""},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.2991643","article-title":"Understanding limb position and external load effects on real-time pattern recognition control in amputees","volume":"28","author":"Teh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B67","unstructured":"Affordable, modular, and breathable upper-limb prosthetic sockets for use in underdeveloped areas with hot, humid climates9\n            ThomasH. D.\n            KeithA. A.\n            ProsiseJ. F.\n          J. Young Investigat.282015"},{"key":"B68","unstructured":""},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2015.2492619","article-title":"Improving the robustness of myoelectric pattern recognition for upper limb prostheses by covariate shift adaptation","volume":"24","author":"Vidovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B70","volume-title":"Dexterous Control of a Hand Prosthesis Using Neuromuscular Signals From Implanted or Surface Electrodes","author":"Wendelken","year":"2018"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0093-5","article-title":"Shared human\u2013robot proportional control of a dexterous myoelectric prosthesis","volume":"1","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurorobotics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2022.872791\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T02:00:10Z","timestamp":1655431210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2022.872791\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnbot.2022.872791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbot.2022.872791","relation":{"is-referenced-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s12984-026-02007-5","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1662-5218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"article-number":"872791"}}