{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:55:46Z","timestamp":1790920546289,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurorobot."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Automated posture quality assessment has become increasingly important in health and wellness technology. However, existing methods predominantly provide point estimates without quantifying prediction confidence, posing a critical limitation in safety-sensitive applications where incorrect assessments may lead to improper guidance. This paper addresses this gap by introducing a reliability-oriented evaluation framework based on Bayesian Liquid Neural Networks (LNNBI). Unlike conventional approaches, our method simultaneously delivers a quality score and a principled uncertainty measure derived from Bayesian variational inference. More importantly, we incorporate a rejection mechanism that enables the model to abstain from making predictions when uncertainty exceeds a predefined threshold, establishing a built-in safeguard for practical deployment. To support this framework, we construct a longitudinal dataset comprising 50 participants over 200 sessions, decomposing four fundamental human postures into seven biomechanical indicators. Experimental results demonstrate that LNNBI achieves 0.8715 accuracy and 0.9105 precision, outperforming LSTM, MC-GRU, TSGCN, and YoNet baselines. Uncertainty analysis reveals a strong correlation between prediction error and uncertainty (Pearson\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u202f0.73), confirming that the model reliably identifies its own low-confidence predictions. With a 15% rejection rate, the effective accuracy reaches 0.923. Correlation analysis further identifies Pelvic Position and Neutrality (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u202f0.682) and Spinal Alignment (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u202f0.595) as the most influential biomechanical indicators. This work offers a reliability-first perspective on automated posture assessment, with promising potential for deployment in personalized health coaching and remote guidance, particularly on GPU-accelerated systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2026.1958419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:37:44Z","timestamp":1790919464000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Uncertainty-aware posture quality assessment with Bayesian liquid neural networks"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Mu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing Institute of Technology","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Big Data, Chongqing Polytechnic Institute","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Factory Vocational and Technical School","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Real-Time Biomechanical Posture Analysis and Avatar-Based Visualization Using Dual-Camera Pose Estimation2025 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Internet of Things (AIBThings)","author":"Abbas","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-022-01618-8","article-title":"YoNet: a neural network for yoga pose classification","volume":"4","author":"Ashraf","year":"2023","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Utilizing Spatial Transformers and GRU for Temporal Context in 3D Human Pose Estimation2024 IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Computing and Complex Data (ICCD)","author":"Cheng","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Real-Time Postures Detection and Monitoring at Workplaces Using Pose Estimation2025 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence (CVMI)","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Event-group theory in sports training: a survey","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-022-00525-y","article-title":"Injury incidence and specific injury patterns in app-based bodyweight training (Freeletics): results of an international survey with 3668 participants","volume":"14","author":"Hertel","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110549","article-title":"Real-time deep learning framework for physical therapy motion evaluation using mediapipe pose and LSTM-CNN architectures","volume":"123","author":"Huong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bayesian deep learning for human pose estimation under uncertainty","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.844","article-title":"Effect of unilateral exercise on spinal and pelvic deformities, and isokinetic trunk muscle strength","volume":"28","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2026.103290","article-title":"Validity-by-design for real-time AI feedback in movement-based skill learning: a feedback trilemma and the MUTaT reporting framework","volume":"14","author":"Johari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Humanit. Open"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1109\/tcss.2025.3540035","article-title":"Stock market prediction using a hybrid approach with Boruta and liquid neural network","volume":"12","author":"Joshita Reddy","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst."},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adverse musculoskeletal adaptations induced by incorrect stretching exercises: a case study with clinical correlation","volume":"5","author":"Kaushik","year":"2026","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiother. Rehabil. Sci."},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"FP-GCN: A Novel Feature Pyramid Graph Convolutional Network For Skeleton-based Action Recognition2024 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","author":"Ke","year":""},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Y FP-GCN: A Novel Feature Pyramid Graph Convolutional Network For Skeleton-based Action Recognition2024 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","author":"Ke","year":""},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Attention-LSTM Based Time-Series Deep Learning Model for Real-Time Exercise Posture Error Correction 2025 IEEE 4th Industrial Electronics Society Annual On-Line Conference (ONCON)","author":"Kim","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Liquid time-constant networks for adaptive motion modeling","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2022.3182151","article-title":"Event-group training for skeleton-based action recognition","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"22","article-title":"3D kinematic evaluation of yoga practice on segmental trunk control","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Uncertainty-Aware Pose Estimation via Bayesian Graph Neural Networks IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Research on Table Tennis Movement Evaluation Method Based on Human Posture Estimation2025 40th Youth Academic Annual Conference of Chinese Association of Automation (YAC)","author":"Lu","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Motion Posture Detection Algorithm and Application based on Computer Vision and DNN 2025 5th International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications (ICMNWC)","author":"Meng","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"57","article-title":"Pelvic neutral: key to balance training","volume":"2","author":"Oliver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Low. Extrem. Rev."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16815","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2026.3660732","article-title":"Pose recognition system using Bluetooth low energy and machine learning techniques","volume":"13","author":"Pereira","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"34","volume-title":"A Smart Yoga Mat with Embedded Sensors for Pose Feedback IEEE EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences","author":"Rahman","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"A Comprehensive Review Of Hippotherapy And Exercise Interventions For Motor Rehabilitation In Children With Cerebral Palsy 2025 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Innovations in Healthcare Industries (ICAIIHI)","author":"Rajarajan","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"AI-Based Real-Time Posture Detection and Correction System for Enhancing Athletics Performance in Competitive Sports Training Environments 2026 International Conference on Innovative Computing, Intelligent Communication and Smart Electrical Systems (ICSES)","author":"Ranjith","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"92","article-title":"Effects of altered sagittal-plane knee kinematics on joint loading during squatting","volume":"73","author":"Samaan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bayesian inference in recurrent neural networks for motion analysis","volume":"5","author":"Schmidt","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519426400622","article-title":"The detection and analysis of the motion trajectory and safe punching of boxing based on CNN","volume":"26","author":"Shen","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mech. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effectiveness of core stability programs in the prevention of sports injuries: a scope review","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Enhancing Facial Emotion Recognition with Vision Transformers, EfficientNet, and Domain Adaptation for Robust and Interpretable Models 2025 International Conference on Future Technologies (ICFT)","author":"Thombare","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Development of a System for Identifying and Correcting Abnormal Posture of Adolescents Based on Image Processing 2025 2nd International Conference on Software, Systems and Information Technology (SSITCON)","author":"Xie","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"Bayesian Variational Inference for Dynamic Neural Networks in Human Activity Recognition IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)","author":"Xu","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurorobotics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2026.1958419\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:37:50Z","timestamp":1790919470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2026.1958419\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnbot.2026.1958419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbot.2026.1958419","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"article-number":"1958419"}}