{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T05:33:49Z","timestamp":1772343229895,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81671154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81671154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Strokes are the most common types of cerebrovascular disease and remain a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Cerebral ischemic stroke is caused by a reduction in blood flow to the brain. In this disease, two major zones of injury are identified: the lesion core, in which cells rapidly progress toward death, and the ischemic penumbra (surrounding the lesion core), which is defined as hypoperfusion tissue where cells may remain viable and can be repaired. Two methods that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) include intravenous thrombolytic therapy and endovascular thrombectomy, however, the narrow therapeutic window poses a limitation, and therefore a low percentage of stroke patients actually receive these treatments. Developments in stem cell therapy have introduced renewed hope to patients with ischemic stroke due to its potential effect for reversing the neurological sequelae. Over the last few decades, animal tests and clinical trials have been used to treat ischemic stroke experimentally with various types of stem cells. However, several technical and ethical challenges must be overcome before stem cells can become a choice for the treatment of stroke. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms, processes, and challenges of using stem cells in stroke treatment. We also discuss new developing trends in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.637210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T07:49:07Z","timestamp":1614239347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Insight Into the Mechanisms and the Challenges on Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Cerebral Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Huiyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanmin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Lenahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-03-00629.2002","article-title":"Neurogenesis in adult subventricular zone","volume":"22","author":"Alvarez-Buylla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000029","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000029","article-title":"Donor-derived brain tumor following neural stem cell transplantation in an ataxia telangiectasia patient","volume":"6","author":"Amariglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr094","article-title":"Human neural stem cells enhance structural plasticity and axonal transport in the ischaemic brain","volume":"134","author":"Andres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/nm747","article-title":"Neuronal replacement from endogenous precursors in the adult brain after stroke","volume":"8","author":"Arvidsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29981","article-title":"The conditioned medium of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviates neurological deficits and improves synaptic recovery in experimental stroke","volume":"236","author":"Asgari Taei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20501","article-title":"Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in stroke patients","volume":"57","author":"Bang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-017-0538-2","article-title":"Stroke induces mesenchymal stem cell migration to infarcted brain areas via CXCR4 and C-Met signaling","volume":"8","author":"Bang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.03.035","article-title":"SUMOylation promotes survival and integration of neural stem cell grafts in ischemic stroke","volume":"42","author":"Bernstock","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.02.012","article-title":"The support of neural stem cells transplanted into stroke-induced brain cavities by PLGA particles","volume":"30","author":"Bible","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0076","article-title":"Concise review: stem cell therapy for stroke patients: are we there yet?","volume":"8","author":"Borlongan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.020465","article-title":"Stem cell-based immunomodulation after stroke: effects on brain repair processes","volume":"49","author":"Boshuizen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.198","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells enhance recovery after acute ischemic stroke in young and middle-aged rats","volume":"30","author":"Brenneman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X657314","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells in experimental stroke","volume":"22","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3727\/096368911X637380","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of human placenta-derived cell treatment of stroke in rats","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"2928","article-title":"Intravenously delivered neural stem cells migrate into ischemic brain, differentiate and improve functional recovery after transient ischemic stroke in adult rats","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.04.038","article-title":"Human neural stem cells improve sensorimotor deficits in the adult rat brain with experimental focal ischemia","volume":"1016","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1644","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001644","article-title":"Adherent self-renewable human embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cell line: functional engraftment in experimental stroke model","volume":"3","author":"Daadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22535","article-title":"Effects of nerve growth factor and Noggin-modified bone marrow stromal cells on stroke in rats","volume":"89","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2004-1505","article-title":"Serotonin and neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult mammals","volume":"64","author":"Djavadian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000071886.63724.FB","article-title":"Host-dependent tumorigenesis of embryonic stem cell transplantation in experimental stroke","volume":"23","author":"Erd\u00f6","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01746","article-title":"hUCMSCs mitigate LPS-induced trained immunity in ischemic stroke","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/10_2012_152","article-title":"Potential for neural differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"129","author":"Ferroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.123","article-title":"Isolation of multipotent neural stem or progenitor cells from both the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of a single adult mouse","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.18.030195.002125","article-title":"Mechanisms of neural patterning and specification in the developing cerebellum","volume":"18","author":"Hatten","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06599.x","article-title":"Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells and enriched environment after cortical stroke in rats: cell survival and functional recovery","volume":"29","author":"Hicks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X657936","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro characterization of the angiogenic effect of CTX0E03 human neural stem cells","volume":"22","author":"Hicks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc.2015.8.1.99","article-title":"Combination cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells for brain stroke in rats","volume":"8","author":"Hosseini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20246","article-title":"Human neural stem\/progenitor cells, expanded in long-term neurosphere culture, promote functional recovery after focal ischemia in Mongolian gerbils","volume":"78","author":"Ishibashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.32","article-title":"Cell size and velocity of injection are major determinants of the safety of intracarotid stem cell transplantation","volume":"33","author":"Janowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1516-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: friend and foe for ischemic stroke","volume":"16","author":"Jayaraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.219","article-title":"Transplantation of human neural precursor cells in Matrigel scaffolding improves outcome from focal cerebral ischemia after delayed postischemic treatment in rats","volume":"30","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11946","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182296499","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"99","author":"Jin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2012.01335.x","article-title":"Timing and cell dose determine therapeutic effects of bone marrow stromal cell transplantation in rat model of cerebral infarct","volume":"33","author":"Kawabori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11839","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404474101","article-title":"Transplanted human fetal neural stem cells survive, migrate and differentiate in ischemic rat cerebral cortex","volume":"101","author":"Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.028072","article-title":"Bone marrow mononuclear cells activate angiogenesis via gap junction-mediated cell-cell interaction","volume":"51","author":"Kikuchi-Taura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-016-0370-3","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells protect neurons against hypoxic-ischemic injury via inhibiting parthanatos, necroptosis, and apoptosis, but not autophagy","volume":"37","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S753","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0353.focus","article-title":"Tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells: biological insights from molecular imaging","volume":"7","author":"Kooreman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.07.015","article-title":"Proteomic techniques for characterisation of mesenchymal stem cell secretome","volume":"95","author":"Kupcova Skalnikova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-1006","article-title":"Concise review: adult multipotent stromal cells and cancer: risk or benefit?","volume":"26","author":"Lazennec","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.184506","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke: mechanisms of action and treatment optimization strategies","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01762-z","article-title":"Stem cell-based therapies for ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212802002643","article-title":"Tracking stem cells for cellular therapy in stroke","volume":"18","author":"Manley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181cbccec","article-title":"Proliferation in the human ipsilateral subventricular zone after ischemic stroke","volume":"74","author":"Mart\u00ed-F\u00e0bregas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000046","article-title":"Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke","volume":"45","author":"Meschia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.07.028","article-title":"Systematic optimization of an engineered hydrogel allows for selective control of human neural stem cell survival and differentiation after transplantation in the stroke brain","volume":"105","author":"Moshayedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X19876876","article-title":"The effect of angiopoietin-1 upregulation on the outcome of acute ischaemic stroke in rodent models: a meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Moxon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.16-0438","article-title":"Feasibility and efficacy of intra-arterial administration of mesenchymal stem cells in an animal model of double toxin-induced multiple system atrophy","volume":"6","author":"Na Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2017.06.005","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing interleukin-10 promote neuroprotection in experimental acute ischemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"Nakajima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606471","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201606471","article-title":"Injection of microporous annealing particle (MAP) hydrogels in the stroke cavity reduces gliosis and inflammation and promotes NPC migration to the lesion","volume":"29","author":"Nih","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546659","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.546659","article-title":"Intracerebral transplants of GMP-grade human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells effectively treat subacute-phase ischemic stroke in a rodent model","volume":"14","author":"Noh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1104","article-title":"Human-induced pluripotent stem cells form functional neurons and improve recovery after grafting in stroke-damaged brain","volume":"30","author":"Oki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-6-54","article-title":"Transplantation of vascular cells derived from human embryonic stem cells contributes to vascular regeneration after stroke in mice","volume":"6","author":"Oyamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903143","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells protect breast cancer cells through regulatory T cells: role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived TGF-\u03b2","volume":"184","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000158","article-title":"2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association\/american stroke association","volume":"49","author":"Powers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007028","article-title":"Intravenous autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke: a multicentric, randomized trial","volume":"45","author":"Prasad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0531-4","article-title":"Interleukin-1 primes human mesenchymal stem cells towards an anti-inflammatory and pro-trophic phenotype in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Redondo-Castro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.11.JNS182331","article-title":"Allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell sheet that produces neurological improvement with angiogenesis and neurogenesis in a rat stroke model","volume":"132","author":"Ryu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22458","article-title":"Intravenous autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for ischemic stroke","volume":"70","author":"Savitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2007.0175","article-title":"In vitro secreting profile of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"17","author":"Schink\u00f6the","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00966-4","article-title":"Role of DAMPs and of leukocytes infiltration in ischemic stroke: insights from animal models and translation to the human disease","author":"Stanzione","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.012995","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of transplanted modified bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in stroke: a phase 1\/2a study","volume":"47","author":"Steinberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.07.004","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for abrogating stroke-induced neuroinflammation and relevant secondary cell death mechanisms","volume":"158","author":"Stonesifer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19042-y","article-title":"Transplantation of hPSC-derived pericyte-like cells promotes functional recovery in ischemic stroke mice","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5391.1145","article-title":"Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts","volume":"282","author":"Thomson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0281","article-title":"Persistent production of neurons from adult brain stem cells during recovery after stroke","volume":"24","author":"Thored","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.32.8.1732","article-title":"Incidence of the major stroke subtypes: initial findings from the North East Melbourne stroke incidence study (NEMESIS)","volume":"32","author":"Thrift","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-019-00405-5","article-title":"Neural stem cells transfected with leukemia inhibitory factor promote neuroprotection in a rat model of cerebral ischemia","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013583","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013583","article-title":"Activated mesenchymal stem cells induce recovery following stroke via regulation of inflammation and oligodendrogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Tobin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt278","article-title":"Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons integrate in stroke-injured cortex and improve functional recovery","volume":"136","author":"Tornero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2020 update: a report from the american heart association","volume":"141","author":"Virani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2017.217","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor gene therapy for ischemic diseases","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000132196.49028.a4","article-title":"Treatment of stroke with erythropoietin enhances neurogenesis and angiogenesis and improves neurological function in rats","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.020353","article-title":"Human neural stem cell extracellular vesicles improve recovery in a porcine model of ischemic stroke","volume":"49","author":"Webb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(02)00835-8","article-title":"Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells into motor neurons","volume":"110","author":"Wichterle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3083","article-title":"Comparison of intracerebral transplantation effects of different stem cells on rodent stroke models","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1012-5","article-title":"Neural stem-like cells derived from human amnion tissue are effective in treating traumatic brain injury in rat","volume":"38","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93735","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093735","article-title":"Efficacy and dose-dependent safety of intra-arterial delivery of mesenchymal stem cells in a rodent stroke model","volume":"9","author":"Yavagal","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.898441","article-title":"Differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells in vitro and co-cultured with biological scaffold as transplantation carrier","volume":"22","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2009.02024.x","article-title":"Human neural stem cell transplantation attenuates apoptosis and improves neurological functions after cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2010.01182.x","article-title":"Human embryonic neural stem cell transplantation increases subventricular zone cell proliferation and promotes peri-infarct angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2017.0305","article-title":"Combining injectable plasma scaffold with mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells for repairing infarct cavity after ischemic stroke","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.247464","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells against cerebral ischemia are mediated in part by an anti-apoptotic mechanism","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2934149","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2934149","article-title":"Stem cell tracking technologies for neurological regenerative medicine purposes","volume":"2017","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718806846","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in stroke: a systematic review of literature in pre-clinical and clinical research","volume":"27","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.08.006","article-title":"Transplantation of VEGF-mediated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promotes functional improvement in a rat acute cerebral infarction model","volume":"1676","author":"Zong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.637210\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T20:54:19Z","timestamp":1724532859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.637210\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncel.2021.637210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.637210","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"article-number":"637210"}}