{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:46:24Z","timestamp":1792122384752,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14113316, AoE\/M-604\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14113316, AoE\/M-604\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The central nervous system (CNS) is highly vascularized where neuronal cells are located in proximity to endothelial cells, astroglial limitans, and neuronal processes constituting integrated neurovascular units. In contrast to many other organs, the CNS has a blood-brain barrier (BBB), which becomes compromised due to infection, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, traumatic brain injury, and other reasons. BBB disruption is presumably involved in neuronal injury during epilepsy and psychiatric disorders. Therefore, many types of neuropsychological disorders are accompanied by an increase in BBB permeability leading to direct contact of circulating blood cells in the capillaries with neuronal cells in the CNS. The second most abundant type of blood cells are platelets, which come after erythrocytes and outnumber ~100-fold circulating leukocytes. When BBB becomes compromised, platelets swiftly respond to the vascular injury and become engaged in thrombosis and hemostasis. However, more recent studies demonstrated that platelets could also enter CNS parenchyma and directly interact with neuronal cells. Within CNS, platelets become activated by recognizing major brain gangliosides on the surface of astrocytes and neurons and releasing a milieu of pro-inflammatory mediators, neurotrophic factors, and neurotransmitters. Platelet-derived factors directly stimulate neuronal electric and synaptic activity and promote the formation of new synapses and axonal regrowth near the site of damage. Despite such active involvement in response to CNS damage, the role of platelets in neurological disorders was not extensively studied, which will be the focus of this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.680126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T07:32:54Z","timestamp":1626247974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Role of Platelets in the Stimulation of Neuronal Synaptic Plasticity, Electric Activity, and Oxidative Phosphorylation: Possibilities for New Therapy of Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Kopeikina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene D.","family":"Ponomarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8062796","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8062796","article-title":"The personalization of clopidogrel antiplatelet therapy: the role of integrative pharmacogenetics and pharmacometabolomics","volume":"2017","author":"Amin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.373","article-title":"Activated platelets rescue apoptotic cells via paracrine activation of EGFR and DNA-dependent protein kinase","volume":"5","author":"Au","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400434","article-title":"Platelet activating factor receptor expression is associated with neuronal apoptosis in an in vivo model of excitotoxicity","volume":"5","author":"Bennett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.10.854","article-title":"Platelet monoamine oxidase B activity in Parkinsonian patients","volume":"53","author":"Bonuccelli","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.11.051","article-title":"Seizures in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"286","author":"Born","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4066","article-title":"Ultrasoft microgels displaying emergent platelet-like behaviours","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.204","article-title":"Blood-derived amyloid-\u03b2 protein induces Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathologies","volume":"23","author":"Bu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1162844","article-title":"Clusters of hyperactive neurons near amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"321","author":"Busche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12254","article-title":"Blood platelets: circulating mirrors of neurons?","volume":"3","author":"Canobbio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117725915","article-title":"Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors","volume":"31","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.09.035","article-title":"The management of antithrombotic agents for patients undergoing GI endoscopy","volume":"83","author":"Chandrasekhara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-038539","article-title":"Moderation of the platelet releasate response by aspirin","volume":"109","author":"Coppinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.05.001","article-title":"Regulation of the blood-brain barrier by circadian rhythms and sleep","volume":"42","author":"Cuddapah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18024","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.24","article-title":"Epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Devinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.9.1195","article-title":"Differential level of platelet amyloid \u03b2 precursor protein isoforms: an early marker for Alzheimer disease","volume":"55","author":"Di Luca","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12156","article-title":"Role of platelets in inflammation and cancer: novel therapeutic strategies","volume":"114","author":"Dovizio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.09.009","article-title":"Platelets mediate protective neuroinflammation and promote neuronal plasticity at the site of neuronal injury","volume":"74","author":"Dukhinova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.020","article-title":"Fresh evidence for major brain gangliosides as a target for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"77","author":"Dukhinova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v2.i6.91","article-title":"Platelets in psychiatric disorders","volume":"2","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00151","article-title":"Decoding the role of platelets and related microRNAs in aging and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"10","author":"Espinosa-Parrilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.08.015","article-title":"Platelet activating factor induces blood brain barrier permeability alteration in vitro","volume":"230","author":"Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-08-531582","article-title":"Platelets at the interface of thrombosis, inflammation and cancer","volume":"126","author":"Franco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1789.2001.00402.x","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of MPTP","volume":"21","author":"Fukuda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3757-0","article-title":"The role of different serotonin receptor subtypes in seizure susceptibility","volume":"232","author":"Gharedaghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4541","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124541","article-title":"Platelets in healthy and disease states: from biomarkers discovery to drug targets identification by proteomics","volume":"21","author":"Gianazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"481","article-title":"Animal models of posttraumatic seizures and epilepsy","volume-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology","author":"Glushakov","year":"2016"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.12.031","article-title":"Does aspirin use make it harder to collect seizures during elective video-EEG telemetry?","volume":"27","author":"Godfred","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27022","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922755117","article-title":"Contractile pericytes determine the direction of blood flow at capillary junctions","volume":"117","author":"Gonzales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370604","article-title":"Low platelet mitochondrial complex I and complex II\/III activity in early untreated parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Haas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00505","article-title":"Platelet activating factor enhances synaptic vesicle exocytosis via pkc, elevated intracellular calcium and modulation of synapsin 1 dynamics and phosphorylation","volume":"9","author":"Hammond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858419882619","article-title":"Amyloid, APP and electrical activity of the brain","volume":"26","author":"Hefter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.571083","article-title":"On the role of platelet-generated amyloid beta peptides in certain amyloidosis health complications","volume":"11","author":"Inyushin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172956","article-title":"Clopidogrel combats neuroinflammation and enhances learning behavior and memory in a rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"195","author":"Khalaf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2018.00036","article-title":"Alterations of coherent theta and gamma network oscillations as an early biomarker of temporal lobe epilepsy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Kitchigina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00129","article-title":"Platelets in amyloidogenic mice are activated and invade the brain","volume":"14","author":"Kniewallner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33768-2","article-title":"Platelets isolated from an Alzheimer mouse damage healthy cortical vessels and cause inflammation in an organotypic ex vivo brain slice model","volume":"8","author":"Kniewallner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.05.033","article-title":"Platelet-derived nerve growth factor supports the survival of cholinergic neurons in organotypic rat brain slices","volume":"574","author":"Kniewallner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986254","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/986254","article-title":"Assessment of platelet indices in patients with neurodegenerative diseases: mean platelet volume was increased in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2013","author":"Ko\u00e7er","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Gerontol. Geriatr. Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1212-5","article-title":"The increase of mean platelet volume in patients with Alzheimer disease","volume":"44","author":"Koc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020162","article-title":"Platelet depletion is effective in ameliorating anxiety-like behavior and reducing the pro-inflammatory environment in the hippocampus in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"8","author":"Kocovski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101783","article-title":"Platelets promote epileptic seizures by modulating brain serotonin level, enhancing neuronal electric activity and contributing to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"188","author":"Kopeikina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20172347","article-title":"Regulation of amyloid-\u03b2 dynamics and pathology by the circadian clock","volume":"215","author":"Kress","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0391-y","article-title":"Coagulopathy associated with traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.01.003","article-title":"Critical review of current animal models of seizures and epilepsy used in the discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs","volume":"20","author":"L\u00f6scher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.256370","article-title":"Platelets contribute to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"110","author":"Langer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20180153","article-title":"Using genome editing to engineer universal platelets","volume":"3","author":"Lawrence","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Top. Life Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00747","article-title":"Platelets in neurodegenerative conditions\u2014friend or foe?","volume":"11","author":"Leiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.016","article-title":"Brain regional synchronous activity predicts tauopathy in 3\u00d7TgAD mice","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.10.002","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: Underlying mechanisms leading to seizure","volume":"33","author":"Lucke-Wold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15056","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.56","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"Masters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4522(03)00562-1","article-title":"Mouse strain differences in kainic acid sensitivity, seizure behavior, mortality and hippocampal pathology","volume":"122","author":"McKhann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11208","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11208","article-title":"Large-scale production of megakaryocytes from human pluripotent stem cells by chemically defined forward programming","volume":"7","author":"Moreau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-2955-7","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis reveals the high levels of platelet activation parameters in circulation of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"430","author":"Morel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30298","article-title":"Dysfunctional epileptic neuronal circuits and dysmorphic dendritic spines are mitigated by platelet-activating factor receptor antagonism","volume":"6","author":"Musto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.01.012","article-title":"Mean platelet volume is associated with early neurological deterioration in patients with branch atheromatous disease: involvement of platelet activation","volume":"27","author":"Oji","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12239","article-title":"Blood platelet research in autism spectrum disorders: in search of biomarkers","volume":"3","author":"Padmakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112365","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction and oxidative stress in epilepsy","volume":"18","author":"Pearson-Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18752-7","article-title":"Identification of epilepsy-associated neuronal subtypes and gene expression underlying epileptogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Pfisterer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2018.74655","article-title":"Platelets, lymphocytes and erythrocytes from Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients: the quest for blood cell-based biomarkers","volume":"56","author":"Pluta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00406","article-title":"Fresh evidence for platelets as neuronal and innate immune cells: their role in the activation, differentiation and deactivation of Th1, Th17 and tregs during tissue inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Ponomarev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-517","article-title":"Visualization and quantitation of the expression of microRNAs and their target genes in neuroblastoma single cells using imaging cytometry","volume":"4","author":"Ponomarev","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2005.08.013","article-title":"GABA and glutamate transporters are expressed in human platelets","volume":"141","author":"Rainesalo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.10.3334","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of platelet exocytosis: Insights into the \u201csecrete\u201d life of thrombocytes","volume":"96","author":"Reed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04740.x","article-title":"Platelet activating factor-induced neuronal apoptosis is initiated independently of its G-protein coupled PAF receptor and is inhibited by the benzoate orsellinic acid","volume":"103","author":"Ryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702618","article-title":"Epileptic convulsion following aspirin withdrawal before lid surgery","volume":"21","author":"Scheepers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10756","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-34-10756.2003","article-title":"Mechanism of toxicity in rotenone models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Sherer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.01.033","article-title":"Platelets drive inflammation and target gray matter and the retina in autoimmune-mediated encephalomyelitis","volume":"77","author":"Sonia D\u2019Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058979","article-title":"Platelets recognize brain-specific glycolipid structures, respond to neurovascular damage and promote neuroinflammation","volume":"8","author":"Sotnikov","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3947","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of epilepsy","volume":"18","author":"Staley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96256","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096256","article-title":"Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) modulates platelet activation and inhibits thrombin-induced calcium influx: possible role of copaxone in targeting platelets during autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"9","author":"Starossom","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306847","article-title":"Platelets play differential role during the initiation and progression of autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"117","author":"Starossom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147434","article-title":"Is there a special relationship between complex I activity and nigral neuronal loss in Parkinson\u2019s disease? a critical reappraisal","volume":"2021","author":"Subrahmanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32596-0","article-title":"Epilepsy in adults","volume":"393","author":"Thijs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B75","first-page":"1689","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric disorders. An integrative approach","volume":"53","author":"Tobergte","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.126425","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption in post-traumatic epilepsy","volume":"79","author":"Tomkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-5960-2-65","article-title":"Platelets, a reliable source for peripheral Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarkers?","volume":"2","author":"Veitinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7644","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202662","article-title":"Platelets transport \u03b2-amyloid from the peripheral blood into the brain by destroying the blood-brain barrier to accelerate the process of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in mouse models","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-11-03469.1990","article-title":"Human platelets contain brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"10","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40614","article-title":"Loss of PAFR prevents neuroinflammation and brain dysfunction after traumatic brain injury","volume":"7","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2011.96","article-title":"The evolution of antiplatelet therapy in cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Yousuf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00083","article-title":"NSAID exposure and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an updated meta-analysis from cohort studies","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2017.1326657","article-title":"Aspirin attenuates spontaneous recurrent seizures in the chronically epileptic mice","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.680126\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T07:33:00Z","timestamp":1626247980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.680126\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncel.2021.680126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.680126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"article-number":"680126"}}