{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:05:23Z","timestamp":1780373123146,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004815","name":"Isaac Newton Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004815","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008134","name":"Office of the Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008134","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite being perceived to be a relatively innocuous pathogen during its circulation in Africa in the 20th century, consequent outbreaks in French Polynesia and Latin America revealed the Zika virus (ZIKV) to be capable of causing severe neurological defects. Foetuses infected with the virus during pregnancy developed a range of pathologies including microcephaly, cerebral calcifications and macular scarring. These are now collectively known as Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). It has been established that the neuropathogenesis of ZIKV results from infection of neural progenitor cells in the developing cerebral cortex. Following this, two main hypotheses have emerged: the virus causes either apoptosis or premature differentiation of neural progenitor cells, reducing the final number of mature neurons in the cerebral cortex. This review describes the cellular processes which could potentially cause virus induced apoptosis or premature differentiation, leading to speculation that a combination of the two may be responsible for the pathologies associated with ZIKV. The review also discusses which specific lineages of the ZIKV can employ these mechanisms. It has been unclear in the past whether the virus evolved its neurotropic capability following circulation in Africa, or if the virus has always caused microcephaly but public health surveillance in Africa had failed to detect it. Understanding the true neuropathogenesis of ZIKV is key to being prepared for further outbreaks in the future, and it will also provide insight into how neurotropic viruses can cause profound and life-long neurological defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.695106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T05:13:51Z","timestamp":1632978831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Zika Virus and Neuropathogenesis: The Unanswered Question of Which Strain Is More Prone to Causing Microcephaly and Other Neurological Defects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Emily Louise","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerea","family":"Irigoyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2007.07.003","article-title":"Microcephaly Syndromes.","volume":"14","author":"Abuelo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.01.018","article-title":"ZIKA virus entry mechanisms in human cells.","volume":"69","author":"Agrelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect, Genet. Evolut."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00094","article-title":"The Unfolded Protein Response: A Key Player in Zika Virus-Associated Congenital Microcephaly.","volume":"13","author":"Alfano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110593","article-title":"Research Models and Tools for the Identification of Antivirals and Therapeutics against Zika Virus Infection.","volume":"10","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e292","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00292-17","article-title":"Phenotypic Differences between Asian and African Lineage Zika Viruses in Human Neural Progenitor Cells.","volume":"2","author":"Anfasa","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00384","article-title":"Neural Progenitor Cell Polarity and Cortical Development.","volume":"11","author":"Arai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21199-z","article-title":"Recent African strains of Zika virus display higher transmissibility and fetal pathogenicity than Asian strains.","volume":"12","author":"Aubry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4365","article-title":"Enhancement of Zika virus pathogenesis by preexisting antiflavivirus immunity.","volume":"356","author":"Bardina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1539","article-title":"A centrosomal mechanism involving CDK5RAP2 and CENPJ controls brain size.","volume":"37","author":"Bond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2018.01.006","article-title":"An overview of mosquito vectors of Zika virus.","volume":"20","author":"Boyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602412","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro.","volume":"375","author":"Brasil","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00282","article-title":"Pericytes and Neurovascular Function in the Healthy and Diseased Brain.","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2006.140138","article-title":"Zika Virus, French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2013.","volume":"20","author":"Cao-Lormeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microcephaly &amp; Other Birth Defects."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00850-3","article-title":"Zika virus NS3 protease induces bone morphogenetic protein-dependent brain calcification in human fetuses.","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33528-2","article-title":"Coitus-Free Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus in a Mouse Model.","volume":"8","author":"Clancy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scient. Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19414","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6838","article-title":"The cytoskeletal arrangements necessary to neurogenesis.","volume":"7","author":"Compagnucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.02.014","article-title":"Ultrastructural Characterization of Zika Virus Replication Factories.","volume":"18","author":"Cortese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.105","article-title":"Reciprocal effects of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling on dengue virus replication and virion production.","volume":"27","author":"Cortese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.04.014","article-title":"Zika Virus Depletes Neural Progenitors in Human Cerebral Organoids through Activation of the Innate Immune Receptor TLR3.","volume":"19","author":"Dang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.044","article-title":"Congenital microcephaly: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of safety data after maternal immunisation.","volume":"35","author":"DeSilva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2401.171331","article-title":"Postmortem Findings in Patient with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome and Zika Virus Infection.","volume":"24","author":"Dirlikov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death.","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29201","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29201","article-title":"Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection in Primary Human Macrophages; Balancing Higher Fusion against Antiviral Responses.","volume":"6","author":"Flipse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scient. Rep."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.12.005","article-title":"Recent Zika Virus Isolates Induce Premature Differentiation of Neural Progenitors in Human Brain Organoids.","volume":"20","author":"Gabriel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201593679","article-title":"CPAP promotes timely cilium disassembly to maintain neural progenitor pool.","volume":"35","author":"Gabriel","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.R116.065649","article-title":"Protein Interactions during the Flavivirus and Hepacivirus Life Cycle.","volume":"16","author":"Gerold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mole. Cell. Prot."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2440","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.266","article-title":"ZIKA virus elicits P53 activation and genotoxic stress in human neural progenitors similar to mutations involved in severe forms of genetic microcephaly and p53.","volume":"7","author":"Ghouzzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.89","article-title":"Genetic causes of microcephaly and lessons for neuronal development.","volume":"2","author":"Gilmore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisc. Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0038-4","article-title":"Stress-induced unfolded protein response contributes to Zika virus\u2013associated microcephaly.","volume":"21","author":"Gladwyn-Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2016.0231","article-title":"Zika Virus Induced Mortality and Microcephaly in Chicken Embryos.","volume":"25","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Devel."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002726","article-title":"Prior dengue virus infection and risk of Zika: A pediatric cohort in Nicaragua.","volume":"16","author":"Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200707181","article-title":"Cep164, a novel centriole appendage protein required for primary cilium formation.","volume":"179","author":"Graser","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix472","article-title":"Maternal Zika Virus Disease Severity, Virus Load, Prior Dengue Antibodies, and Their Relationship to Birth Outcomes.","volume":"65","author":"Halai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8880","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00354-15","article-title":"Biology of Zika Virus Infection in Human Skin Cells.","volume":"89","author":"Hamel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1445","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01445-20","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection Induced Apoptosis by Modulating the Recruitment and Activation of Proapoptotic Protein Bax.","volume":"95","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.06.017","article-title":"The Unfolded Protein Response and Cell Fate Control.","volume":"69","author":"Hetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mole. Cell"},{"key":"B38","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neglected and Unprotected."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007343","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007343","article-title":"Zika viruses of African and Asian lineages cause fetal harm in a mouse model of vertical transmission.","volume":"13","author":"Jaeger","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.08.012","article-title":"Gestational Stage and IFN-\u03bb Signaling Regulate ZIKV Infection In Utero.","volume":"22","author":"Jagger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0149-7","article-title":"Persistence and clinical relevance of Zika virus in the male genital tract.","volume":"16","author":"Kurscheidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16577","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16577","article-title":"Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 Promotes Vascular Calcification via SMAD1\/5\/8 Phosphorylation.","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scient. Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22365","article-title":"Evolutionary enhancement of Zika virus infectivity in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.","volume":"545","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2007.03.038","article-title":"Dual roles of intermediate filaments in apoptosis.","volume":"313","author":"Marceau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2018.00104","article-title":"Neural Progenitor Cell Terminology.","volume":"12","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Cerde\u00f1o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.008","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy in Mice Causes Placental Damage and Fetal Demise.","volume":"165","author":"Miner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80112-9","article-title":"XTcf-3 Transcription Factor Mediates \u03b2-Catenin-Induced Axis Formation in Xenopus Embryos.","volume":"86","author":"Molenaar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117906951875933","DOI":"10.1177\/1179069518759332","article-title":"Untangling Cortical Complexity During Development.","volume":"12","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1808246","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection - After the Pandemic.","volume":"381","author":"Musso","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O595","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12707","article-title":"Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area.","volume":"20","author":"Musso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008707","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008707","article-title":"Animal models of congenital zika syndrome provide mechanistic insight into viral pathogenesis during pregnancy.","volume":"14","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30314","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.32.30314","article-title":"Persistent detection of Zika virus RNA in semen for six months after symptom onset in a traveller returning from Haiti to Italy, February 2016.","volume":"21","author":"Nicastri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1172","article-title":"Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases.","volume":"7","author":"Noctor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02028","article-title":"Congenital Zika Virus Infection in Immunocompetent Mice Causes Postnatal Growth Impediment and Neurobehavioral Deficits.","volume":"9","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1239","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01239-16","article-title":"How Did Zika Virus Emerge in the Pacific Islands and Latin America?","volume":"7","author":"Pettersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0446-y","article-title":"The emergence of Zika virus and its new clinical syndromes.","volume":"560","author":"Pierson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e198124","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.8124","article-title":"Association Between Neonatal Neuroimaging and Clinical Outcomes in Zika-Exposed Infants From Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","volume":"2","author":"Pool","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.140707","article-title":"Using brain organoids to understand Zika virus-induced microcephaly.","volume":"144","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.032","article-title":"Brain-Region-Specific Organoids Using Mini-bioreactors for Modeling ZIKV Exposure.","volume":"165","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3390\/v2010298","article-title":"Dual Role of p53 in Innate Antiviral Immunity.","volume":"2","author":"Rivas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav6618","article-title":"Impact of preexisting dengue immunity on Zika virus emergence in a dengue endemic region.","volume":"363","author":"Rodriguez-Barraquer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2009.10.018","article-title":"BMP2 signaling in bone development and repair.","volume":"20","author":"Rosen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytok. Growth Fact. Rev."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007213","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007213","article-title":"Global expansion and redistribution of Aedes-borne virus transmission risk with climate change.","volume":"13","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.10.002","article-title":"Multimerization of Zika Virus-NS5 Causes Ciliopathy and Forces Premature Neurogenesis.","volume":"27","author":"Saade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616097114","article-title":"Vulnerability of primitive human placental trophoblast to Zika virus.","volume":"114","author":"Sheridan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005821","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005821","article-title":"Differential virulence between Asian and African lineages of Zika virus.","volume":"11","author":"Simonin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14647-9","article-title":"Capsid protein structure in Zika virus reveals the flavivirus assembly process.","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.080","article-title":"Zika Virus Can Strongly Infect and Disrupt Secondary Organizers in the Ventricular Zone of the Embryonic Chicken Brain.","volume":"23","author":"Thawani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W232","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw256","article-title":"W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis.","volume":"44","author":"Trifinopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303924","article-title":"Zika and Reproductive Rights in Brazil: Challenge to the Right to Health.","volume":"107","author":"Valente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6547e2","article-title":"Description of 13 Infants Born During October 2015\u2013January 2016 With Congenital Zika Virus Infection Without Microcephaly at Birth - Brazil.","volume":"65","author":"van der Linden","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.03.010","article-title":"Zika virus: History, emergence, biology, and prospects for control.","volume":"130","author":"Weaver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiv. Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0817-904","article-title":"The missing pieces: Lack of Zika data from Africa complicates search for answers.","volume":"23","author":"Wetsman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B74","year":"2016","journal-title":"WHO Director-General Summarizes the Outcome of the Emergency Committee Regarding Clusters of Microcephaly and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3390\/v9120383","article-title":"Zika Virus Exhibits Lineage-Specific Phenotypes in Cell Culture, in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes, and in an Embryo Model.","volume":"9","author":"Willard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.58","article-title":"Vertical transmission of Zika virus targeting the radial glial cells affects cortex development of offspring mice.","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598203","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.598203","article-title":"Zika Virus-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis via Increased Mitochondrial Fragmentation.","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam7120","article-title":"A single mutation in the prM protein of Zika virus contributes to fetal microcephaly.","volume":"358","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8610","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw765","article-title":"Molecular signatures associated with ZIKV exposure in human cortical neural progenitors.","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317535111","article-title":"Conserved TCP domain of Sas-4\/CPAP is essential for pericentriolar material tethering during centrosome biogenesis.","volume":"111","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.695106\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T05:13:54Z","timestamp":1632978834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.695106\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncel.2021.695106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.695106","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"article-number":"695106"}}