{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:40:06Z","timestamp":1793400006842,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":349,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic syndromes are frequently associated with dementia, suggesting that the dysregulation of energy metabolism can increase the risk of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. In addition, growing evidence suggests the link between infections and brain disorders, including Alzheimer\u2019s disease. The immune system and energy metabolism are in an intricate relationship. Infection triggers immune responses, which are accompanied by imbalance in cellular and organismal energy metabolism, while metabolic disorders can lead to immune dysregulation and higher infection susceptibility. In the brain, the activities of brain-resident immune cells, including microglia, are associated with their metabolic signatures, which may be affected by central nervous system (CNS) infection. Conversely, metabolic dysregulation can compromise innate immunity in the brain, leading to enhanced CNS infection susceptibility. Thus, infection and metabolic imbalance can be intertwined to each other in the etiology of brain disorders, including dementia. Insulin and leptin play pivotal roles in the regulation of immunometabolism in the CNS and periphery, and dysfunction of these signaling pathways are associated with cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, infectious complications are often comorbid with diabetes and obesity, which are characterized by insulin resistance and leptin signaling deficiency. Examples include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and periodontal disease caused by an oral pathogen<jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>. This review explores potential interactions between infectious agents and insulin and leptin signaling pathways, and discuss possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between infection, metabolic dysregulation, and brain disorders, particularly focusing on the roles of insulin and leptin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.765217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T04:38:26Z","timestamp":1635827906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Infection and Immunometabolism in the Central Nervous System: A Possible Mechanistic Link Between Metabolic Imbalance and Dementia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Noriko","family":"Shinjyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.209","article-title":"Leptin in the interplay of inflammation, metabolism and immune system disorders.","volume":"13","author":"Abella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000825","article-title":"Update on T cells in the virally infected brain: friends and foes.","volume":"33","author":"Ai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.13183","article-title":"Management of West Nile encephalitis: an uncommon complication of West Nile virus.","volume":"13","author":"Alli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T25","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-14-0404","article-title":"20 years of leptin: connecting leptin signaling to biological function.","volume":"223","author":"Allison","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1540-z","article-title":"Probiotic mixture improves fatty liver disease by virtue of its action on lipid profiles, leptin, and inflammatory biomarkers.","volume":"17","author":"Al-muzafar","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00147","article-title":"Emergence of leptin in infection and immunity: scope and challenges in vaccines formulation.","volume":"8","author":"Alti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(85)90040-90042","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei: infection in murine diabetes.","volume":"60","author":"Amole","year":"1985","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318249db17","article-title":"Independent effects of HIV, aging, and HAART on brain volumetric measures.","volume":"59","author":"Ances","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0586","article-title":"Inhibiting microglia expansion prevents diet-induced hypothalamic and peripheral inflammation.","volume":"66","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b","article-title":"Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.","volume":"69","author":"Antinori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.185","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums.","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.5.661","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function.","volume":"61","author":"Arvanitakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4479","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1388-y","article-title":"The possibility of an infectious etiology of Alzheimer disease.","volume":"56","author":"Ashraf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.4065\/82.10.1192","article-title":"Viruses as an etiology of obesity.","volume":"82","author":"Atkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01186-1117","article-title":"Brain macrophages in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected, antiretroviral-suppressed macaques.","volume":"8","author":"Avalos","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15718","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407076101","article-title":"The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage.","volume":"101","author":"B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200200","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic comorbidities in dengue fever and West Nile virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Badawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.08.00","article-title":"Probiotics modulate gut microbiota and improve insulin sensitivity in DIO mice.","volume":"50","author":"Bagarolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210465","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis (W83) infection induces Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathophysiology in obese and diabetic mice.","volume":"82","author":"Bahar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300050071","article-title":"Identification and localization of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Alzheimer\u2019s brain.","volume":"187","author":"Balin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4149\/bll_2012_016","article-title":"Plasma leptin levels in rats with induced Toxoplasma gondii infection.","volume":"113","author":"Baltaci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek List."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.06.004","article-title":"Leptin receptor signaling in POMC neurons is required for normal body weight homeostasis.","volume":"42","author":"Balthasar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217972","article-title":"The Ups and downs of metabolism during the lifespan of a T Cell.","volume":"21","author":"Balyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00468.2002","article-title":"Impaired transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier in obesity is acquired and reversible.","volume":"285","author":"Banks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.07.006","article-title":"Insulin in the brain: there and back again.","volume":"136","author":"Banks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-021-00131-w","article-title":"The association between Helicobacter pylori and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.","volume":"7","author":"Baradaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030581","article-title":"Cerebral insulin bolus revokes the changes in hepatic lipid metabolism induced by chronic central leptin infusion.","volume":"10","author":"Barrios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7317","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.9.7317-7327.1999","article-title":"Alteration of the leptin network in late morbid obesity induced in mice by brain infection with canine distemper virus.","volume":"73","author":"Bernard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(88)90193-90199","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia induced by canine distemper virus infection of mice and its correlation with the appearance of obesity.","volume":"91","author":"Bernard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15267-z","article-title":"Microglial metabolic flexibility supports immune surveillance of the brain parenchyma.","volume":"11","author":"Bernier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.04.009","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and its association with incident all-cause and Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia in large national surveys.","volume":"14","author":"Beydoun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0048-7","article-title":"Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and clinical implications.","volume":"14","author":"Biessels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70284-70282","article-title":"Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.","volume":"5","author":"Biessels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12380","article-title":"Dysregulation of leptin signaling in Alzheimer disease: evidence for neuronal leptin resistance.","volume":"128","author":"Bonda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.11.004","article-title":"Gut microbiota manipulation through probiotics oral administration restores glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"87","author":"Bonfili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.034","article-title":"The frequency and influence of dementia risk factors in prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"56","author":"Bos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12944","article-title":"Central signalling cross-talk between insulin and leptin in glucose and energy homeostasis.","volume":"33","author":"Boucsein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocr."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4526-4526","article-title":"Unique metabolic activation of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity promotes inflammatory responses.","volume":"61","author":"Boutens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201878","article-title":"The effects of insulin on the inflammatory activity of BV2 microglia.","volume":"13","author":"Brabazon","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002251","article-title":"The impact of HIV central nervous system persistence on pathogenesis.","volume":"33","author":"Brew","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21668","article-title":"CD11c\/EYFP transgene illuminates a discrete network of dendritic cells within the embryonic, neonatal, adult, and injured mouse brain.","volume":"508","author":"Bulloch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1080\/1071576031000097526","article-title":"Leptin regulates functional capacities of polymorphonuclear neutrophils.","volume":"37","author":"Caldefie-Chezet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.010256","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinaemia and metabolic syndrome among 755 adult patients with HIV-1 infection.","volume":"22","author":"Calza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.05.006","article-title":"Thyroid wars: the rise of central actions.","volume":"32","author":"Capelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12241","article-title":"Neurological events related to influenza A (H1N1) pdm09.","volume":"8","author":"C\u00e1rdenas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Influ. Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:27:2:153","article-title":"Brain repair and neuroprotection by serum insulin-like growth factor.","volume":"27","author":"Carro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.50.2.301-308.1984","article-title":"Specificity of avian leukosis virus-induced hyperlipidemia.","volume":"50","author":"Carter","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afm096","article-title":"Increased visceral adipose tissue rather than BMI as a risk factor for dementia.","volume":"36","author":"Cereda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280152058799","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus induces cytokine and chemokine production differentially in microglia and astrocytes.","volume":"7","author":"Cheeran","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)81294-81295","article-title":"Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db\/db mice.","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-11-18","article-title":"Insulin alleviates the inflammatory response and oxidative stress injury in cerebral tissues in septic rats.","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.06.004","article-title":"Intranasal insulin restores insulin signaling, increases synaptic proteins, and reduces Abeta level and microglia activation in the brains of 3xTg-AD mice.","volume":"261","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062099","article-title":"Regulation of neurotransmitters by the gut microbiota and effects on cognition in neurological disorders.","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092557","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on energy metabolism, leptin resistance, and gut microbiota in mice with diet-induced obesity.","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3198","article-title":"Regulation and function of mTOR signalling in T cell fate decisions.","volume":"12","author":"Chi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2019.101720","article-title":"Microglia, neurodegeneration and loss of neuroendocrine control.","volume":"184","author":"Chowen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646423","article-title":"Nutritional effects on T-cell immunometabolism.","volume":"47","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052358","article-title":"Microglia function in the central nervous system during health and neurodegeneration.","volume":"35","author":"Colonna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.10.48","article-title":"At the crossroad between immunity and metabolism: focus on leptin.","volume":"6","author":"Conde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03764-w","article-title":"Relationship of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review of pre-clinical studies.","volume":"25","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.33594\/000000245","article-title":"The critical role of cell metabolism for essential neutrophil functions.","volume":"54","author":"Curi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.003","article-title":"A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages.","volume":"184","author":"Dani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MR0318-102R","article-title":"The pathogenesis of tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"105","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01747-1748","article-title":"Characterizing microglia activation: a spatial statistics approach to maximize information extraction.","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02117-y","article-title":"Pharmacological ablation of astrocytes reduces A\u03b2 degradation and synaptic connectivity in an ex vivo model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3147671","article-title":"Actions of thyroid hormone analogues on chemokines.","volume":"2016","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.056","article-title":"The cellular phase of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"164","author":"De Strooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0757-753","article-title":"Obesity and cognitive decline in adults: effect of methodological choices and confounding by age in a longitudinal study.","volume":"21","author":"Deckers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Heal. Aging"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2794S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.10.2794S","article-title":"Infectobesity: obesity of infectious origin.","volume":"131","author":"Dhurandhar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70274-70272","article-title":"A framework for identification of infections that contribute to human obesity.","volume":"11","author":"Dhurandhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20853","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906749106","article-title":"The immune response attenuates growth and nutrient storage in Drosophila by reducing insulin signaling.","volume":"106","author":"DiAngelo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.01.008","article-title":"Megalin mediates the transport of leptin across the blood-CSF barrier.","volume":"29","author":"Dietrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau3333","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains: evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors.","volume":"5","author":"Dominy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2683","article-title":"Astrocyte gp130 expression is critical for the control of Toxoplasma encephalitis.","volume":"181","author":"Dr\u00f6gem\u00fcller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.01.006","article-title":"IGF-2 preprograms maturing macrophages to acquire oxidative phosphorylation-dependent anti-inflammatory properties.","volume":"29","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.03.056","article-title":"The role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) in brain development, maturation and neuroplasticity.","volume":"325","author":"Dyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8859857","article-title":"Can Toxoplasma gondii pave the road for dementia?","volume":"2020","author":"El Saftawy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980615)395:4<535::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Distributions of leptin receptor mRNA isoforms in the rat brain.","volume":"395","author":"Elmquist","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000034509.14906.ae","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress.","volume":"106","author":"Esposito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.06.009","article-title":"Adenovirus 36 infection and obesity.","volume":"55","author":"Esposito","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R136","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.276.1.R136","article-title":"Leptin deficiency enhances sensitivity to endotoxin-induced lethality.","volume":"276","author":"Faggioni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.68.4.437","article-title":"Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis.","volume":"68","author":"Fantuzzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.04.014","article-title":"Adipokines in health and disease.","volume":"36","author":"Fasshauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.08.034","article-title":"A network of insulin peptides regulate glucose uptake by astrocytes: potential new druggable targets for brain hypometabolism.","volume":"136","author":"Fernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3209","article-title":"The many faces of insulin-like peptide signalling in the brain.","volume":"13","author":"Fernandez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035594","article-title":"Acute leptin treatment enhances functional recovery after spinal cord injury.","volume":"7","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Martos","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.541","article-title":"Burden of infection and fat mass in healthy middle-aged men.","volume":"15","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Real","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.2951058","article-title":"Burden of infection and insulin resistance in healthy middle-aged men.","volume":"29","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Real","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67889-67880","article-title":"Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study.","volume":"366","author":"Ferri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-021-00760-761","article-title":"Association between thyroid function and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review.","volume":"36","author":"Figueroa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnz016","article-title":"Leptin: is it thermogenic?","volume":"41","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.4.2717","article-title":"Brain dendritic cells and macrophages\/microglia in central nervous system inflammation.","volume":"166","author":"Fischer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21764","article-title":"The association between cytomegalovirus infection, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adult females.","volume":"25","author":"Fleck-Derderian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610210002085","article-title":"Operationalization of the updated diagnostic algorithm for classifying HIV-related cognitive impairment and dementia.","volume":"23","author":"Foley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.03.030","article-title":"Adipokines: linking metabolic syndrome, the immune system, and arthritic diseases.","volume":"165","author":"Francisco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0095-y","article-title":"Leptin and the endocrine control of energy balance.","volume":"1","author":"Friedman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050068","article-title":"Brain insulin and insulin receptors in aging and sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"105","author":"Fr\u00f6lich","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00828","article-title":"The effects of leptin on glial cells in neurological diseases.","volume":"13","author":"Fujita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S264910","article-title":"Targeting impaired antimicrobial immunity in the brain for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"17","author":"Fulop","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis. Treat"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.09.006","article-title":"Leptin regulation of the mesoaccumbens dopamine pathway.","volume":"51","author":"Fulton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11007","article-title":"Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity.","volume":"485","author":"F\u00fcnfschilling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00629","article-title":"Altered insulin signaling in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain - special emphasis on PI3K-Akt pathway.","volume":"13","author":"Gabbouj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.37","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of inflammation.","volume":"13","author":"Gaber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.11.003","article-title":"Deficiency of leptin receptor in myeloid cells disrupts hypothalamic metabolic circuits and causes body weight increase.","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0427-y","article-title":"T cells promote microglia-mediated synaptic elimination and cognitive dysfunction during recovery from neuropathogenic flaviviruses.","volume":"22","author":"Garber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45888","article-title":"Sixteen years and counting: an update on leptin in energy balance.","volume":"121","author":"Gautron","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B107","first-page":"232","article-title":"Neuron-Microglia dialogue and hippocampal neurogenesis in the aged brain.","volume":"1","author":"Gemma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025021529347","article-title":"Brain insulin: regulation, mechanisms of action and functions.","volume":"23","author":"Gerozissis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000773","article-title":"CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells infiltrate into the brain during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection and form long-term resident memory.","volume":"207","author":"Ghazanfari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12953","article-title":"Insulin action on astrocytes: from energy homeostasis to behaviour.","volume":"33","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocr."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00816-x","article-title":"Brain aging and garbage cleaning: modelling the role of sleep, glymphatic system, and microglia senescence in the propagation of inflammaging.","volume":"42","author":"Gordleeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-020-02063-2060","article-title":"Obesity induced by Borna disease virus in rats: key roles of hypothalamic fast-acting neurotransmitters and inflammatory infiltrates.","volume":"225","author":"Gosztonyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171133","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid-beta is an antimicrobial peptide: a review of the evidence.","volume":"62","author":"Gosztyla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0340","article-title":"Insulin regulates brain function, but how does it get there?","volume":"63","author":"Gray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01112","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: a focus on neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"13","author":"Grieco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S182406","article-title":"Leptin resistance: underlying mechanisms and diagnosis.","volume":"12","author":"Gruzdeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diab. Metab. Syndr. Obes"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063183","article-title":"Susceptibility and severity of viral infections in obesity: lessons from influenza to COVID-19. does leptin play a role?","volume":"22","author":"Guglielmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45971","article-title":"Long-term treatment with intranasal insulin ameliorates cognitive impairment, tau hyperphosphorylation, and microglial activation in a streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer\u2019s rat model.","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01869.x","article-title":"Mid-life adiposity factors relate to blood-brain barrier integrity in late life.","volume":"262","author":"Gustafson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Int. Med."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2021.21.e20","article-title":"Gut-Brain connection: microbiome, gut barrier, and environmental sensors.","volume":"21","author":"Gwak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146884","article-title":"Insulin activates microglia and increases COX-2\/IL-1beta expression in young but not in aged hippocampus.","volume":"1741","author":"Haas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000423","article-title":"Does insulin protect the brain in mice and man with sepsis?","volume":"44","author":"Hache","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399810602040367","article-title":"Metabolic obesity: the paradox between visceral and subcutaneous fat.","volume":"2","author":"Hamdy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rev."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00309","article-title":"Multi-Omics studies demonstrate Toxoplasma gondii-induced metabolic reprogramming of murine dendritic cells.","volume":"9","author":"Hargrave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142853","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 and other pathogens are key causative factors in sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"48","author":"Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers. Dis."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67483-67481","article-title":"Obesity.","volume":"366","author":"Haslam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0302.970205","article-title":"Borna disease.","volume":"3","author":"Hatalski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111554","article-title":"Acute regulation of human lymphocyte insulin receptors. analysis by the glucose clamp.","volume":"74","author":"Helderman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830080810","article-title":"The insulin receptor as a universal marker of activated lymphocytes.","volume":"8","author":"Helderman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-70015","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00640-643","article-title":"Immediate and long-term consequences of COVID-19 infections for the development of neurological disease.","volume":"12","author":"Heneka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021594","article-title":"Insulin promotes glycogen storage and cell proliferation in primary human astrocytes.","volume":"6","author":"Heni","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00241.x","article-title":"Distribution of borna disease virus in the brain of rats infected with an obesity-inducing virus strain.","volume":"10","author":"Herden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23035","article-title":"The insulin-like growth factor I receptor regulates glucose transport by astrocytes.","volume":"64","author":"Hernandez-Garz\u00f3n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.007","article-title":"Myeloid cells in the central nervous system.","volume":"46","author":"Herz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14987","article-title":"Cell proliferation and neurogenesis alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and diabetes mellitus mixed murine models.","volume":"154","author":"Hierro-Bujalance","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4132","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.4132","article-title":"Blood glucose control in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.","volume":"15","author":"Hirasawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.024","article-title":"Serum leptin level and cognition in the elderly: findings from the Health ABC Study.","volume":"30","author":"Holden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.08.023","article-title":"Leptin receptor signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons regulates feeding.","volume":"51","author":"Hommel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21363","article-title":"Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders.","volume":"542","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI6762","article-title":"Leptin protects mice from starvation-induced lymphoid atrophy and increases thymic cellularity in ob\/ob mice.","volume":"104","author":"Howard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03491.x","article-title":"Leptin improves pulmonary bacterial clearance and survival in ob\/ob mice during Pneumococcal pneumonia.","volume":"150","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146822","article-title":"Glycemic control with insulin attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by inhibiting glial activation via the suppression of the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in septic rats.","volume":"1738","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa154","article-title":"The Collision of Meta-Inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Infection.","volume":"161","author":"Huizinga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104739","article-title":"Insulin deficiency promotes formation of toxic amyloid-beta42 conformer co-aggregating with hyper-phosphorylated tau oligomer in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model.","volume":"137","author":"Imamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144920","article-title":"The use of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"21","author":"Iqbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.29","article-title":"Enhanced risk for Alzheimer disease in persons with type 2 diabetes and APOE epsilon4: the cardiovascular health study cognition study.","volume":"65","author":"Irie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112704","article-title":"Leptin, obesity, and leptin resistance: where are we 25 years later?","volume":"11","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1043","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased rate of diabetes.","volume":"35","author":"Jeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diab. Care"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.07.009","article-title":"Glia-neuron energy metabolism in health and diseases: new insights into the role of nervous system metabolic transporters.","volume":"309","author":"Jha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00710","article-title":"Modulation of active gut microbiota by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in a diet induced obesity murine model.","volume":"9","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161141","article-title":"The gut microbiota and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060913","article-title":"Leptin, both bad and good actor in Cancer.","volume":"11","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Cortegana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-200250","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis is a strong risk factor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"4","author":"Kanagasingam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis. Rep."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-091414","article-title":"The effects of a high-energy diet on hippocampal function and blood-brain barrier integrity in the rat.","volume":"21","author":"Kanoski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2353","article-title":"Initiation of immune responses in brain is promoted by local dendritic cells.","volume":"173","author":"Karman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23759","article-title":"Ablation of reactive astrocytes exacerbates disease pathology in a model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"68","author":"Katsouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.06.007","article-title":"Accumulation of resident and peripheral dendritic cells in the aging CNS.","volume":"33","author":"Kaunzner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5681","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2876-19.2020","article-title":"Acute inflammation alters brain energy metabolism in mice and humans: role in suppressed spontaneous activity, impaired cognition, and delirium.","volume":"40","author":"Kealy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI132727","article-title":"mTOR-dependent translation amplifies microglia priming in aging mice.","volume":"131","author":"Keane","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30231-30233","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches.","volume":"19","author":"Kellar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2015.140589","article-title":"Association between periodontal disease and overweight and obesity: a systematic review.","volume":"86","author":"Keller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12668","article-title":"Is overweight\/obesity a risk factor for periodontitis in young adults and adolescents: a systematic review.","volume":"19","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22727-22727","article-title":"Emerging concepts in intestinal immune control of obesity-related metabolic disease.","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90602","article-title":"Microglia in steady state.","volume":"127","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002150","article-title":"Intranasal insulin therapy reverses hippocampal dendritic injury and cognitive impairment in a model of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in EcoHIV-infected mice.","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176419","article-title":"Adiponectin: the potential regulator and therapeutic target of obesity and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70537-70533","article-title":"Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal, population-based study.","volume":"5","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000345107","article-title":"Diabetes and infection: is there a link?-A mini-review.","volume":"59","author":"Knapp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1337-1334","article-title":"The impact of diabetes on the pathogenesis of sepsis.","volume":"31","author":"Koh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf1059","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-80","article-title":"Reduced immune cell infiltration and increased pro-inflammatory mediators in the brain of Type 2 diabetic mouse model infected with West Nile virus.","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.06.005","article-title":"An update on metabolic syndrome: metabolic risk markers and adipokines in the development of metabolic syndrome.","volume":"13","author":"Kumari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000486719","article-title":"Population-Based cohort study on dementia risk in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.","volume":"50","author":"Kuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1350","article-title":"The weight of leptin in immunity.","volume":"4","author":"La Cava","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00365","article-title":"Insulin-Like growth factor-1 and neuroinflammation.","volume":"9","author":"Labandeira-Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.11.003","article-title":"Leptin modulates cell morphology and cytokine release in microglia.","volume":"24","author":"Lafrance","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249441","article-title":"Space-Dependent glia-neuron interplay in the hippocampus of transgenic models of \u03b2-amyloid deposition.","volume":"21","author":"Lana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.651973","article-title":"The emerging role of the interplay among astrocytes, microglia, and neurons in the hippocampus in health and disease.","volume":"13","author":"Lana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00335","article-title":"CD103+ CD8 T cells in the Toxoplasma-infected brain exhibit a tissue-resident memory transcriptional profile.","volume":"8","author":"Landrith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0283-286","article-title":"Obesity: a neuroimmunometabolic perspective.","volume":"16","author":"Larabee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01830","article-title":"Aspects of gut microbiota and immune system interactions in infectious diseases, immunopathology, and cancer.","volume":"9","author":"Lazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020361","article-title":"The immunopathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease is related to the composition of gut microbiota.","volume":"13","author":"Leblhuber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/379632a0","article-title":"Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice.","volume":"378","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0044-2017","article-title":"Central nervous system tuberculosis.","volume":"5","author":"Leonard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0155-09.2009","article-title":"Direct innervation of GnRH neurons by metabolic- and sexual odorant-sensing leptin receptor neurons in the hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus.","volume":"29","author":"Leshan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-2006-9102","article-title":"Intracerebral streptozotocin model of type 3 diabetes: relevance to sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"9","author":"Lester-Coll","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0192-x","article-title":"Glial contributions to neurodegeneration in tauopathies.","volume":"12","author":"Leyns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.125","article-title":"Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease.","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00139-119","article-title":"Persistent toxoplasma infection of the brain induced neurodegeneration associated with activation of complement and microglia.","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0278-274","article-title":"The role of the microbiota in infectious diseases.","volume":"4","author":"Libertucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia.","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.012","article-title":"Astrocyte crosstalk in CNS inflammation.","volume":"108","author":"Linnerbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/29795","article-title":"Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression.","volume":"394","author":"Lord","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161305","article-title":"Interaction between cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus Type 1 associated with the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease development.","volume":"61","author":"L\u00f6vheim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-010-8106-8108","article-title":"Microglia activation and anti-inflammatory regulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"41","author":"Lue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.652111","article-title":"Dysregulation of systemic immunity in aging and dementia.","volume":"15","author":"Lutshumba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008101","article-title":"Microglial involvement in neuroplastic changes following focal brain ischemia in rats.","volume":"4","author":"Madinier","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000988","article-title":"New insights into the role of thyroid hormone in the CNS: the microglial track.","volume":"7","author":"Mallat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10683","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1287-16.2016","article-title":"Insulin treatment prevents neuroinflammation and neuronal injury with restored neurobehavioral function in models of HIV\/AIDS neurodegeneration.","volume":"36","author":"Mamik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4018","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.8.4018","article-title":"Leptin-deficient mice exhibit impaired host defense in Gram-negative pneumonia.","volume":"168","author":"Mancuso","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.02.007","article-title":"Canine distemper virus.","volume":"38","author":"Martella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pr."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.714742","article-title":"Targeting aging: lessons learned from immunometabolism and cellular senescence.","volume":"12","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0702-z","article-title":"Diversity of susceptible hosts in canine distemper virus infection: a systematic review and data synthesis.","volume":"12","author":"Martinez-Gutierrez","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.2001.1851","article-title":"Human leptin activates PI3K and MAPK pathways in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: possible role of Sam68.","volume":"212","author":"Mart\u00edn-Romero","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/s1471-4906(02)02188-2189","article-title":"Balancing susceptibility to infection and autoimmunity: a role for leptin?","volume":"23","author":"Matarese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02741","article-title":"Leptin functions in infectious diseases.","volume":"9","author":"Maurya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.131682","article-title":"Release of insulin produced by the choroid plexus is regulated by serotonergic signaling.","volume":"4","author":"Mazucanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110944","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis and its systemic impact: current status.","volume":"9","author":"Mei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108115","article-title":"Insulin and leptin as potential cognitive enhancers in metabolic disorders and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"171","author":"Mejido","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.10.003","article-title":"Choroid plexus epithelial cells co-express the long and short form of the leptin receptor.","volume":"393","author":"Merino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.07.002","article-title":"The role of microglia activation in the development of sepsis-induced long-term cognitive impairment.","volume":"43","author":"Michels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12952","article-title":"The regulation of food intake by insulin in the central nervous system.","volume":"33","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocr."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007365","article-title":"CD4 T cells control development and maintenance of brain-resident CD8 T cells during polyomavirus infection.","volume":"14","author":"Mockus","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.8.6854","article-title":"Glucose challenge stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by leucocytes.","volume":"85","author":"Mohanty","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0293-298","article-title":"Chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection enhances beta-amyloid phagocytosis and clearance by recruited monocytes.","volume":"4","author":"M\u00f6hle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3040","article-title":"The antimicrobial protection hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"14","author":"Moir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.032","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in the aging human hippocampus.","volume":"85","author":"Montagne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MR1218-478R","article-title":"Leptin in the regulation of the immunometabolism of adipose tissue-macrophages.","volume":"106","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2008.12.004","article-title":"Leptin signaling in brain: a link between nutrition and cognition?","volume":"1792","author":"Morrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1086\/431587","article-title":"Increased risk of common infections in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.","volume":"41","author":"Muller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102953","article-title":"Survival analysis, long-term outcomes, and percentage of recovery up to 8 years post-infection among the Houston West Nile virus cohort.","volume":"9","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100707","article-title":"Mechanisms of leptin action and leptin resistance.","volume":"70","author":"Myers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00308","article-title":"Microglia express insulin-like growth factor-1 in the hippocampus of aged APP swe\/PS1 \u0394E9 transgenic mice.","volume":"13","author":"Myhre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1086\/656189","article-title":"Crucial role of the central leptin receptor in murine Trypanosoma cruzi infection.","volume":"202","author":"Nagajyothi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.6.0452","article-title":"Distinct and overlapping functions of insulin and IGF-I receptors.","volume":"22","author":"Nakae","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.10.005","article-title":"Specific deletion of the astrocyte leptin receptor induces changes in hippocampus glutamate metabolism, synaptic transmission and plasticity.","volume":"447","author":"Naranjo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6602380","article-title":"Behavioral disease in rats caused by immunopathological responses to persistent borna virus in the brain.","volume":"220","author":"Narayan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12417","article-title":"Is weight gain associated with the incidence of periodontitis? a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"42","author":"Nascimento","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103751","article-title":"Is Toxoplasma gondii a potential risk factor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease? a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"137","author":"Nayeri Chegeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.607779","article-title":"Chlamydia muridarum can invade the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and infect peripheral nerve glial cells.","volume":"10","author":"Nazareth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.624144","article-title":"Balancing inflammation and central nervous system homeostasis: T cell receptor signaling in antiviral brain T(RM) formation and function.","volume":"11","author":"Netherby-Winslow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0307-303","article-title":"Brain-Defective insulin signaling is associated to late cognitive impairment in post-septic mice.","volume":"55","author":"Neves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/s0083-6729(02)64007-64005","article-title":"Leptin and sweet taste.","volume":"64","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vitam Horm."},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0005-21.2021","article-title":"Astrocytic IGF-IRs induce adenosine-mediated inhibitory downregulation and improve sensory discrimination.","volume":"41","author":"Noriega-Prieto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.585887","article-title":"Leptin and obesity: role and clinical implication.","volume":"12","author":"Obradovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20120080","article-title":"Insulin and IGF-1 signalling: longevity, protein homoeostasis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"40","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.70","article-title":"A guide to immunometabolism for immunologists.","volume":"16","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.53.9.1937","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: the rotterdam study.","volume":"53","author":"Ott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.04.003","article-title":"The prevalence and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in treated HIV-infection.","volume":"25","author":"Paik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R938","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00045.2016","article-title":"Role of leptin in energy expenditure: the hypothalamic perspective.","volume":"312","author":"Pandit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7745","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.12.7745","article-title":"Leptin receptor expression and signaling in lymphocytes: kinetics during lymphocyte activation, role in lymphocyte survival, and response to high fat diet in mice.","volume":"176","author":"Papathanassoglou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.030","article-title":"Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor.","volume":"155","author":"Parkhurst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4526(06)52002-52009","article-title":"Infectobesity: obesity of infectious origin.","volume":"52","author":"Pasarica","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2015-133285","article-title":"Gut microbiota, obesity and diabetes.","volume":"92","author":"Patterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postgr. Med J."},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003098","article-title":"Leptin replacement improves cognitive development.","volume":"3","author":"Paz-Filho","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1256","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes, APOE gene, and the risk for dementia and related pathologies: the honolulu-asia aging study.","volume":"51","author":"Peila","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/s1386-6532(01)00196-192","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid S-100beta and its relationship with AIDS dementia complex.","volume":"22","author":"Pemberton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04559.x","article-title":"Leptin induces interleukin-1beta release from rat microglial cells through a caspase 1 independent mechanism.","volume":"102","author":"Pinteaux","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140315","article-title":"Active invasion of Porphyromonas gingivalis and infection-induced complement activation in ApoE-\/- mice brains.","volume":"43","author":"Poole","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13110401","article-title":"Altered brain leptin and leptin receptor expression in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"13","author":"Pratap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm"},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3703","article-title":"Ontogeny and homeostasis of CNS myeloid cells.","volume":"18","author":"Prinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2011.10.012","article-title":"Leptin as an immunomodulator.","volume":"33","author":"Procaccini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.06.006","article-title":"Leptin as immune mediator: interaction between neuroendocrine and immune system.","volume":"66","author":"Procaccini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.06.018","article-title":"Inflammasomes on the crossroads of innate immune recognition and metabolic control.","volume":"26","author":"Pr\u00f3chnicki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0774-y","article-title":"CD11c-expressing cells reside in the juxtavascular parenchyma and extend processes into the glia limitans of the mouse nervous system.","volume":"121","author":"Prodinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.04.017","article-title":"Common neurodegenerative pathways in obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"1863","author":"Pugazhenthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2002.046","article-title":"Leptin and leptin receptors during malaria infection in mice.","volume":"49","author":"Pulido-Mendez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108138","article-title":"Impaired clearance of influenza a virus in obese, leptin receptor deficient mice is independent of leptin signaling in the lung epithelium and macrophages.","volume":"9","author":"Radigan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126403","article-title":"Role of insulin in health and disease: an update.","volume":"22","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58644","article-title":"Innate immunity in the central nervous system.","volume":"122","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.10.010","article-title":"The mTOR kinase determines effector versus memory CD8+ T cell fate by regulating the expression of transcription factors T-bet and Eomesodermin.","volume":"32","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3AB0120-019RR","article-title":"Insulin acutely activates metabolism of primary human monocytes and promotes a proinflammatory phenotype.","author":"Ratter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Leukoc Biol."},{"key":"B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90511-3","article-title":"Infection and diabetes: the case for glucose control.","volume":"72","author":"Rayfield","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-0640-645","article-title":"Obesity, the most common comorbidity in SARS-CoV-2: is leptin the link?","volume":"44","author":"Rebello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.02.002","article-title":"The role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I in mammalian ageing.","volume":"18","author":"Richardson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-20-0499","article-title":"Modulation of the gut microbiota-adipose tissue-muscle interactions by prebiotics.","volume":"249","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.712673","article-title":"Nutrition, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"12","author":"Romanenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115830","article-title":"The microbiota and the gut-brain axis in controlling food intake and energy homeostasis.","volume":"22","author":"Roman\u00ed-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418793077","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte bioenergetics in health and disease.","volume":"25","author":"Rosko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.98","article-title":"Leptin regulates leukocyte recruitment into the brain following systemic LPS-induced inflammation.","volume":"15","author":"Rummel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.09.018","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in cerebrospinal fluid during the development of mouse embryos.","volume":"16","author":"Salehi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102343","article-title":"Association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents: a possible immune-metabolic link.","volume":"83","author":"Salem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02190.x","article-title":"Role of leptin as an immunomodulator of blood mononuclear cells: mechanisms of action.","volume":"133","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Margalet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2003.02321.x","article-title":"Leptin stimulates the oxidative burst in control monocytes but attenuates the oxidative burst in monocytes from HIV-infected patients.","volume":"134","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Pozo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-1707-x","article-title":"Amyloid beta and diabetic pathology cooperatively stimulate cytokine expression in an Alzheimer\u2019s mouse model.","volume":"17","author":"Sankar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026","article-title":"Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner.","volume":"74","author":"Schafer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00498-x","article-title":"Brain insulin signalling in metabolic homeostasis and disease.","volume":"17","author":"Scherer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E234","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00547.2020","article-title":"Peripheral and central regulation of insulin by the intestine and microbiome.","volume":"320","author":"Schertzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00021-24","article-title":"Borna disease virus infection in psychiatric patients: are we on the right track?","volume":"1","author":"Schwemmle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22025","article-title":"Leptin targets in the mouse brain.","volume":"514","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4395","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14850","article-title":"Accelerated brain ageing in sepsis survivors with cognitive long-term impairment.","volume":"52","author":"Seidel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2.510","article-title":"Quantifying the risk of infectious diseases for people with diabetes.","volume":"26","author":"Shah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.547175","article-title":"Role of insulin in neurotrauma and neurodegeneration: a review.","volume":"14","author":"Shaughness","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.710390","article-title":"Interaction between the complement system and infectious agents - a potential mechanistic link to neurodegeneration and dementia.","volume":"15","author":"Shinjyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.01.004","article-title":"Berberine for prevention of dementia associated with diabetes and its comorbidities: a systematic review.","volume":"18","author":"Shinjyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med."},{"key":"B287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.563446","article-title":"Microglial immunometabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"14","author":"Shippy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3515-x","article-title":"Risk of dementia in patients hospitalised with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England, 1998-2011: a retrospective national record linkage cohort study.","volume":"58","author":"Smolina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170313122937","article-title":"The infectious etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"15","author":"Sochocka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.004","article-title":"Astrocyte reactivity: subtypes, states, and functions in CNS innate immunity.","volume":"41","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00453-w","article-title":"Neurological infection with SARS-CoV-2 - the story so far.","volume":"17","author":"Solomon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000403","article-title":"Neuropathological correlates of hyperglycemia during prolonged polymicrobial sepsis in mice.","volume":"44","author":"Sonneville","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1159\/000111439","article-title":"New aspects of lactate metabolism: IGF-I and insulin regulate mitochondrial function in cultured brain cells during normoxia and hypoxia.","volume":"18","author":"Sonnewald","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009505","article-title":"The Alzheimer\u2019s disease-associated amyloid beta-protein is an antimicrobial peptide.","volume":"5","author":"Soscia","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6379","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817391116","article-title":"Insulin signaling in the hippocampus and amygdala regulates metabolism and neurobehavior.","volume":"116","author":"Soto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A."},{"key":"B296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.09.001","article-title":"Viral encephalitis and neurologic diseases: focus on astrocytes.","volume":"24","author":"Soung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00111","article-title":"Leptin mediates in vivo neutrophil migration: involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and CXCL1.","volume":"9","author":"Souza-Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.046","article-title":"IGF1 shapes macrophage activation in response to immunometabolic challenge.","volume":"19","author":"Spadaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150710104428","article-title":"Insulin modulates in vitro secretion of cytokines and cytotoxins by human glial cells.","volume":"12","author":"Spielman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"B300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12922","article-title":"Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"154","author":"Stephenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1996.76.4.1005","article-title":"Growth, differentiation, and survival: multiple physiological functions for insulin-like growth factors.","volume":"76","author":"Stewart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.156257","article-title":"IGF-1 reduces inflammatory responses, suppresses oxidative stress, and decreases atherosclerosis progression in ApoE-deficient mice.","volume":"27","author":"Sukhanov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"B303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i2.89","article-title":"New insights into insulin: the anti-inflammatory effect and its clinical relevance.","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"B304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00808.x","article-title":"Association between overweight\/obesity and periodontitis in adults. a systematic review.","volume":"12","author":"Suvan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"key":"B305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-9338(00)00529-520","article-title":"Borna disease virus and psychiatry.","volume":"16","author":"Taieb","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.10.017","article-title":"Insulin expression in cultured astrocytes and the decrease by amyloid beta.","volume":"119","author":"Takano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"B307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.12.007","article-title":"The nature, significance, and glucagon-like peptide-1 analog treatment of brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"10","author":"Talbot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.020","article-title":"Obesity as a predictor for a poor prognosis of COVID-19: a systematic review.","volume":"14","author":"Tamara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diab. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"B309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.2.1292","article-title":"Leptin-induced IL-6 production is mediated by leptin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, NF-kappaB, and p300 pathway in microglia.","volume":"179","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-291x(02)02462-2462","article-title":"Impaired natural killer (NK) cell activity in leptin receptor deficient mice: leptin as a critical regulator in NK cell development and activation.","volume":"298","author":"Tian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms16052","article-title":"Central insulin modulates food valuation via mesolimbic pathways.","volume":"8","author":"Tiedemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1159\/000477898","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of intranasal IGF-1 against neonatal lipopolysaccharide-induced neurobehavioral deficits and neuronal inflammation in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus of juvenile rats.","volume":"39","author":"Tien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.08.003","article-title":"Insulin receptor-mediated stimulation boosts T cell immunity during inflammation and infection.","volume":"28","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6036","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4875-09.2010","article-title":"CNS leptin action modulates immune response and survival in sepsis.","volume":"30","author":"Tsch\u00f6p","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest.","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/39335","article-title":"Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-alpha function.","volume":"389","author":"Uysal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000243119.67529.f5","article-title":"Insulin resistance is associated with cognition among HIV-1-infected patients: the Hawaii Aging With HIV cohort.","volume":"43","author":"Valcour","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"B318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200501010-200501016","article-title":"Diabetes, insulin resistance, and dementia among HIV-1-infected patients.","volume":"38","author":"Valcour","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"B319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15336","article-title":"Astrocytes are HIV reservoirs in the brain: a cell type with poor HIV infectivity and replication but efficient cell-to-cell viral transfer.","volume":"158","author":"Valdebenito","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.03.001","article-title":"Macrophage immunometabolism: where are we (going)?","volume":"38","author":"Van den Bossche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.11.034","article-title":"\u201dInfectobesity: viral infections (especially with human adenovirus-36: Ad-36) may be a cause of obesity.","volume":"72","author":"van Ginneken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2019.11.006","article-title":"Insulin as an immunomodulatory hormone.","volume":"52","author":"van Niekerk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth. Factor. Rev."},{"key":"B323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms2206299","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis in obesity: mechanisms and future implications.","volume":"22","author":"van Son","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803366","article-title":"Adipogenic human adenovirus-36 reduces leptin expression and secretion and increases glucose uptake by fat cells.","volume":"31","author":"Vangipuram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19424","article-title":"Leptin signaling protects the gut from Entamoeba histolytica infection.","volume":"3","author":"Vedantama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-2686","article-title":"Potential antiinflammatory role of insulin via the preferential polarization of effector T cells toward a T helper 2 phenotype.","volume":"148","author":"Viardot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2017.170355","article-title":"Obesity and periodontitis: an experimental study to evaluate periodontal and systemic effects of comorbidity.","volume":"89","author":"Virto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"B328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-020-00200-207","article-title":"West nile virus-induced neurologic sequelae\u2014relationship to neurodegenerative cascades and dementias.","volume":"7","author":"Vittor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201305","article-title":"The molecular signature of tissue resident memory CD8 T cells isolated from the brain.","volume":"189","author":"Wakim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.06.007","article-title":"Glutaminase C overexpression in the brain induces learning deficits, synaptic dysfunctions, and neuroinflammation in mice.","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-016-9751-z","article-title":"Role of leptin deficiency, inefficiency, and leptin receptors in obesity.","volume":"54","author":"Wasim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"B332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.07.011","article-title":"Host metabolism regulates growth and differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii.","volume":"42","author":"Weilhammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092952","article-title":"Insulin signaling in health and disease.","volume":"302","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38446.466238.E0","article-title":"Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study.","volume":"330","author":"Whitmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.06.2637","article-title":"Obesity trajectories and risk of dementia: 28 years of follow-up in the Whitehall II Study.","volume":"14","author":"Whitmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000306313.89165.ef","article-title":"Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later.","volume":"71","author":"Whitmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70017-70011","article-title":"Long-term cerebral consequences of sepsis.","volume":"13","author":"Widmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh317","article-title":"Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in leptin-deficient ob\/ob mice.","volume":"17","author":"Wieland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"B339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.04.026","article-title":"Central nervous system manifestations in pediatric patients with influenza A H1N1 infection during the 2009 pandemic.","volume":"51","author":"Wilking","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"B340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201696056","article-title":"A novel microglial subset plays a key role in myelinogenesis in developing brain.","volume":"36","author":"Wlodarczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390903264130","article-title":"HIV-associated deficits in action (verb) generation may reflect astrocytosis.","volume":"32","author":"Woods","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00787-712","article-title":"Insulin treatment directly restores neutrophil phagocytosis and bactericidal activity in diabetic mice and thereby improves surgical site Staphylococcus aureus infection.","volume":"80","author":"Yano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113555","article-title":"Blood-Brain barrier pathology and CNS outcomes in Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis.","volume":"19","author":"Yau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-2-317","article-title":"Severity, duration, and mechanisms of insulin resistance during acute infections.","volume":"69","author":"Yki-J\u00e4rvinen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010018","article-title":"Does gut-microbiome interaction protect against obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders?","volume":"9","author":"Zawada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B346","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2174\/157339911797415594","article-title":"Central insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling: implications for diabetes associated dementia.","volume":"7","author":"Zemva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rev."},{"key":"B347","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit031","article-title":"Leptin mediates the pathogenesis of severe 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) infection associated with cytokine dysregulation in mice with diet-induced obesity.","volume":"207","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.208","article-title":"Insulin and IGF receptor signalling in neural-stem-cell homeostasis.","volume":"11","author":"Ziegler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1095","article-title":"IGF-II promotes stemness of neural restricted precursors.","volume":"30","author":"Ziegler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.765217\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T08:57:11Z","timestamp":1673686631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.765217\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"references-count":349,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncel.2021.765217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.765217","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"article-number":"765217"}}