{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:47:08Z","timestamp":1792680428764,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Huntington\u2019s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects the striatum, a brain region that controls movement and some forms of cognition. Neuronal dysfunction and loss in HD is accompanied by increased astrocyte density and astrocyte pathology. Astrocytes are a heterogeneous population classified into multiple subtypes depending on the expression of different gene markers. Studying whether mutant Huntingtin (HTT) alters specific subtypes of astrocytes is necessary to understand their relative contribution to HD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we studied whether astrocytes expressing two different markers; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), associated with astrocyte activation, and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), a marker of matured astrocytes and inflammation, were differentially altered in HD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, we found three distinct populations in the striatum of WT and symptomatic zQ175 mice: GFAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, S100B<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and dual GFAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>S100B<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>. The number of GFAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and S100B<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> astrocytes throughout the striatum was increased in HD mice compared to WT, coinciding with an increase in HTT aggregation. Overlap between GFAP and S100B staining was expected, but dual GFAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>S100B<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> astrocytes only accounted for less than 10% of all tested astrocytes and the number of GFAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>S100B<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> astrocytes did not differ between WT and HD, suggesting that GFAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> astrocytes and S100B<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> astrocytes are distinct types of astrocytes. Interestingly, a spatial characterization of these astrocyte subtypes in HD mice showed that while S100B<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> were homogeneously distributed throughout the striatum, GFAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> preferentially accumulated in \u201cpatches\u201d in the dorsomedial (dm) striatum, a region associated with goal-directed behaviors. In addition, GFAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> astrocytes in the dm striatum of zQ175 mice showed increased clustering and association with white matter fascicles and were preferentially located in areas with low HTT aggregate load.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, we showed that GFAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and S100B<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> astrocyte subtypes are distinctly affected in HD and exist in distinct spatial arrangements that may offer new insights to the function of these specific astrocytes subtypes and their potential implications in HD pathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1094503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T05:24:08Z","timestamp":1682659448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Striatal spatial heterogeneity, clustering, and white matter association of GFAP+ astrocytes in a mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Taylor G.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mackenzie N.","family":"Thayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian G.","family":"VanTreeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Zarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damyan W.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Heilbronner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocio","family":"Gomez-Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac068","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes promote proteostasis in Huntington\u2019s disease through the JAK2-STAT3 pathway.","volume":"146","author":"Abjean","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-0880-6","article-title":"Single-nucleus RNA-seq identifies Huntington disease astrocyte states.","volume":"8","author":"Al-Dalahmah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00144","article-title":"Glutamine synthetase as an astrocytic marker: Its cell type and vesicle localization.","volume":"4","author":"Anlauf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1139\/y99-076","article-title":"Astrocyte-induced modulation of synaptic transmission.","volume":"77","author":"Araque","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.03.004","article-title":"The dorsomedial striatum: An optimal cellular environment for encoding and updating goal-directed learning.","volume":"41","author":"Balleine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.5","article-title":"Huntington disease.","volume":"1","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14198-8","article-title":"Identification of region-specific astrocyte subtypes at single cell resolution.","volume":"11","author":"Batiuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf180","article-title":"Impaired glutamate transport and glutamate-glutamine cycling: Downstream effects of the Huntington mutation.","volume":"125","author":"Behrens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109308","article-title":"Cell-intrinsic glial pathology is conserved across human and murine models of Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"36","author":"Benraiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02947-9","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet in mice induces cerebrovascular, microglial and long-term behavioural alterations in offspring.","volume":"5","author":"Bordeleau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709002105","article-title":"Origin and progeny of reactive gliosis: A source of multipotent cells in the injured brain.","volume":"105","author":"Buffo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.069","article-title":"Striatal projection neurons require Huntingtin for synaptic connectivity and survival.","volume":"30","author":"Burrus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00183.2002","article-title":"Protoplasmic astrocytes in CA1 stratum radiatum occupy separate anatomical domains.","volume":"22","author":"Bushong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28109","article-title":"A critical review of white matter changes in Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"35","author":"Casella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3304-16.2017","article-title":"Organization of the anterior limb of the internal capsule in the rat.","volume":"37","author":"Coizet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba3239","article-title":"Astrocytes and microglia play orchestrated roles and respect phagocytic territories during neuronal corpse removal in vivo.","volume":"6","author":"Damisah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198809000-00003","article-title":"Morphometric demonstration of atrophic changes in the cerebral cortex, white matter, and neostriatum in Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"47","author":"de la Monte","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25023","article-title":"Progression of basal ganglia pathology in heterozygous Q175 knock-in Huntington\u2019s disease mice.","volume":"529","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw8546","article-title":"Astrocyte molecular signatures in Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"11","author":"Diaz-Castro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-021-00865-9","article-title":"S100B is selectively expressed by gray matter protoplasmic astrocytes and myelinating oligodendrocytes in the developing CNS.","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007677003387","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP-thirty-one years (1969\u20132000).","volume":"25","author":"Eng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90668-8","article-title":"An acidic protein isolated from fibrous astrocytes.","volume":"28","author":"Eng","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09612","article-title":"Regulation of synaptic connectivity by glia.","volume":"468","author":"Eroglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00783-4","article-title":"Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions.","volume":"24","author":"Escartin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00019","article-title":"Role of cerebral cortex in the neuropathology of Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"7","author":"Estrada-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neural. Circuits"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq212","article-title":"In vivo expression of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin by mouse striatal astrocytes impairs glutamate transport: A correlation with Huntington\u2019s disease subjects.","volume":"19","author":"Faideau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57017","article-title":"M2 cortex-dorsolateral striatum stimulation reverses motor symptoms and synaptic deficits in Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"9","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02362-8","article-title":"Early white matter pathology in the fornix of the limbic system in Huntington disease.","volume":"142","author":"Gabery","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111953","article-title":"Neuronal and astrocytic contributions to Huntington\u2019s disease dissected with zinc finger protein transcriptional repressors.","volume":"42","author":"Gangwani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14405","article-title":"Abnormal degradation of the neuronal stress-protective transcription factor HSF1 in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Gomez-Pastor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/60510","article-title":"Immunofluorescence staining using IBA1 and TMEM119 for microglial density, morphology and peripheral myeloid cell infiltration analysis in mouse brain.","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez Ibanez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2013.00110","article-title":"Premotor cortex is critical for goal-directed actions.","volume":"7","author":"Gremel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069143","article-title":"Versatile and simple approach to determine astrocyte territories in mouse neocortex and hippocampus.","volume":"8","author":"Grosche","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02522.1999","article-title":"Nuclear and neuropil aggregates in Huntington\u2019s disease: Relationship to neuropathology.","volume":"19","author":"Gutekunst","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00640","article-title":"Distribution and relative abundance of S100 proteins in the brain of the APP23 Alzheimer\u2019s disease model mice.","volume":"13","author":"Hagmeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00905-6","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory astrocyte subtypes in the mouse brain.","volume":"24","author":"Hasel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050717","article-title":"Characterization of neurophysiological and behavioral changes, MRI brain volumetry and 1H MRS in zQ175 knock-in mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"7","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97334-z","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of mutant huntingtin aggregate-directed PET imaging tracer candidates.","volume":"11","author":"Herrmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4332","article-title":"The mouse cortico-striatal projectome.","volume":"19","author":"Hintiryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.02.004","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the astrocyte intermediate filament system in diseases of the central nervous system.","volume":"32","author":"Hol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.19103","article-title":"A comprehensive excitatory input map of the striatum reveals novel functional organization.","volume":"5","author":"Hunnicutt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1582-9","article-title":"Human-to-mouse prion-like propagation of mutant huntingtin protein.","volume":"132","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.09.011","article-title":"The neurons in mouse V1 show different degrees of spatial clustering.","volume":"190","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042823","article-title":"GFAP isoforms in adult mouse brain with a focus on neurogenic astrocytes and reactive astrogliosis in mouse models of Alzheimer disease.","volume":"7","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24880","article-title":"From random to regular: Variation in the patterning of retinal mosaics.","volume":"528","author":"Keeley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070918-050443","article-title":"The emerging nature of astrocyte diversity.","volume":"42","author":"Khakh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.05.002","article-title":"Unravelling and exploiting astrocyte dysfunction in Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"40","author":"Khakh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00172","article-title":"Age-dependent heterogeneity of murine olfactory bulb astrocytes.","volume":"12","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp081","article-title":"Functional compensation of motor function in pre-symptomatic Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"132","author":"Kl\u00f6ppel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.06.002","article-title":"Enhanced Ca2+-dependent glutamate release from astrocytes of the BACHD Huntington\u2019s disease mouse model.","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia.","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2001.0430","article-title":"Impaired glutamate uptake in the R6 Huntington\u2019s disease transgenic mice.","volume":"8","author":"Li\u00e9vens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00028","article-title":"Dorsal striatal circuits for habits, compulsions and addictions.","volume":"13","author":"Lipton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.10.050","article-title":"White matter astrocytes in health and disease.","volume":"276","author":"Lundgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90585-e","article-title":"A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington\u2019s disease chromosomes.","volume":"72","author":"MacDonald","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0528","article-title":"Pyramidal cell loss in motor cortices in Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"10","author":"Macdonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-1730-1","article-title":"Radial glial elements in the cerebral cortex of the lesser hedgehog tenrec.","volume":"223","author":"Mack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049838","article-title":"Comprehensive behavioral and molecular characterization of a new knock-in mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease: zQ175.","volume":"7","author":"Menalled","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14574","article-title":"The S100B story: from biomarker to active factor in neural injury.","volume":"148","author":"Michetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00634","article-title":"Detection of motor changes in Huntington\u2019s disease using dynamic causal modeling.","volume":"9","author":"Minkova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7060063","article-title":"Striatal vulnerability in Huntington\u2019s disease: neuroprotection versus neurotoxicity.","volume":"7","author":"Morigaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(01)00293-7","article-title":"The role of activated astrocytes and of the neurotrophic cytokine S100B in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"22","author":"Mrak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.08.053","article-title":"Molecular and behavioral analysis of the R6\/1 Huntington\u2019s disease transgenic mouse.","volume":"122","author":"Naver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020107532","article-title":"Molecular diversity of diencephalic astrocytes reveals adult astrogenesis regulated by Smad4.","volume":"40","author":"Ohlig","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abp8416","article-title":"Cell clusters adopt a collective amoeboid mode of migration in confined nonadhesive environments.","volume":"8","author":"Pag\u00e8s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01779-5","article-title":"Topographic organization of the striatal and thalamic connections of rat medial agranular cortex.","volume":"841","author":"Reep","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-5-40","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s disease: a clinical review.","volume":"5","author":"Roos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.015","article-title":"Altered white matter microstructure in the corpus callosum in Huntington\u2019s disease: implications for cortical \u201cdisconnection\u201d.","volume":"49","author":"Rosas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20979","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in presymptomatic and early Huntington\u2019s disease: Selective white matter pathology and its relationship to clinical measures.","volume":"21","author":"Rosas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws250","article-title":"S100B is increased in Parkinson\u2019s disease and ablation protects against MPTP-induced toxicity through the RAGE and TNF-\u03b1 pathway.","volume":"135","author":"Sathe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25107","article-title":"Mutant Huntingtin protein expression and blood\u2013spinal cord barrier dysfunction in Huntington disease.","volume":"82","author":"Sciacca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90344-4","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s disease: Changes in striatal proteins reflect astrocytic gliosis.","volume":"245","author":"Selkoe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1626204","article-title":"The astrocytic S100B protein with its receptor RAGE is aberrantly expressed in SOD1G93A models, and its inhibition decreases the expression of proinflammatory genes.","volume":"2017","author":"Serrano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490390406","article-title":"S100\u03b2 protein expression in Alzheimer disease: Potential role in the pathogenesis of neuritic plaques.","volume":"39","author":"Sheng","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4037-13.2014","article-title":"Phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity of isocortical and hippocampal astrocytes in the human brain.","volume":"34","author":"Sosunov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0554","article-title":"Differential changes in striatal projection neurons in R6\/2 transgenic mice for Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.14.1.37","article-title":"Behavior in Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"14","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq047","article-title":"Cell loss in the motor and cingulate cortex correlates with symptomatology in Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"133","author":"Thu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691866","article-title":"Nearest-neighbor distance of intermediate filaments in axons and Schwann cells.","volume":"60","author":"Tohyama","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9913-8","article-title":"Neuroglia in neurodegenerative diseases","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12790","article-title":"S100B protein activates a RAGE-dependent autocrine loop in astrocytes: implications for its role in the propagation of reactive gliosis.","volume":"131","author":"Villarreal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198511000-00003","article-title":"Neuropathological classification of Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"44","author":"Vonsattel","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02045-3","article-title":"Transcriptional heterogeneity between primary adult grey and white matter astrocytes underlie differences in modulation of in vitro myelination.","volume":"17","author":"Werkman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.004","article-title":"Genome-wide in vivo CNS screening identifies genes that modify CNS neuronal survival and mHTT toxicity.","volume":"106","author":"Wertz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10509.1","article-title":"Inducible targeting of CNS astrocytes in Aldh1l1-CreERT2 BAC transgenic mice.","volume":"5","author":"Winchenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy363","article-title":"Mutant huntingtin reduction in astrocytes slows disease progression in the BACHD conditional Huntington\u2019s disease mouse model.","volume":"28","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21089","article-title":"Molecular comparison of GLT1+ and ALDH1L1+ astrocytes in vivo in astroglial reporter mice.","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01379-8","article-title":"CK2 alpha prime and alpha-synuclein pathogenic functional interaction mediates synaptic dysregulation in Huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.09.021","article-title":"Context-specific striatal astrocyte molecular responses are phenotypically exploitable.","volume":"108","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.101328","article-title":"Analyses of transplanted human retinal ganglion cell morphology and localization in murine organotypic retinal explant culture.","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1094503\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T05:24:13Z","timestamp":1682659453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1094503\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncel.2023.1094503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1094503","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"article-number":"1094503"}}